Jeremy Bentham Criminal Justice Essay - 1609 Words

Jeremy Bentham’s Influence on the Criminal Justice System: Past and Present The delivery of punishment has changed significantly over the centuries. Up until the 19th century in England, imprisonment was not regarded as a punishment, it was merely used while the offender waited to be sentenced to their ‘real’ punishment (Bull, 2010; Hirst, 1998). Corporal punishment such as flogging, branding and mutilation, death by hanging, and transportation to other continents such as America and Australia were common punitive measures through the ages, until well into the 1800’s (Newburn, 2003). Although these extreme penalties are no longer acceptable or practised by criminal courts in England or Australia, in some ways, the past has†¦show more content†¦In other words, a person may be tempted to commit a crime if there not a strong enough deterrent in place. Hence, Bentham’s solution to crime control was to address this pleasure/pain response by imposing strict penalties proportional to the seriousness of the c rime committed to discourage people from offending (Von Hirsch, 1992). Although he did not support the death penalty, punishment for committing crime was considered by Bentham as the lesser of two evils, necessary for the health of society and the duty of the government to impose (Bull, 2010; Hudson, 2003). Punishment, for Bentham, was a way to ensure â€Å"the greatest happiness for the greatest number† (Rosen, 2003, p 221). Bentham argued that prevention, both general and specific, is paramount in controlling crime. The imprisonment of the offender serves the purpose of specific prevention. Specific prevention involves three tiers: incapacitation, reform/rehabilitation and deterrence (Hopkins Burke, 2011). Firstly, incapacitation is achieved by physically removing an offender from society, rendering them unable to reoffend (specifically, by placing them in prison). Secondly, rehabilitation seeks to take away the desire to offend, by teaching the offender that anyShow M oreRelatedJeremy Benthams Utilitarianism is a Convincing Method for Normatic Ethics891 Words   |  4 Pagesethics, utilitarianism wasn’t fully expressed until the 19th century. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, acknowledged the good with pleasure. Both of the philosophers believed we ought to make the most of the good, everyones happiness is the same no matter what type of happiness it is. When one fulfills their good, it doesn’t mean one’s individual good doesn’t count more when compared to someone else’s good. Jeremy Bentham was born on February 15th, 1748 in Houndsditch, London and died on JuneRead MoreFeatures Of Classical Criminology779 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"criminology† is the scientific study of criminals and the crimes that they commit. It incorporates numerous disciplines such as law, sociology, history and physiology as well as other disciplines like victimology which are more focused disciplines within criminology. Sutherland (1939) gives the view that criminology is based around â€Å"three great tributaries† these are: The study of crime, the study of these that commit crime and the study of criminal justice and penal systems. Within this essay theseRead MoreTraditional Assumptions Of The Civil Justice History865 Words   |  4 Pagestraditional assumptions.† American correction page 34. I must say, that period was the most important in the Criminal Justice history. Through that era, revolutions occurred in America as well as France, science made great advances and Industrial Revolution gained absolute power. This Age of Reason was like a stand against those with power. This reformation ended the reign of the Catholic Church and the writing of Martin Luther and John Calvin encourage new emphasis on the individual alongRead MoreTheories Of The Age Of Enlightenment1026 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the 17th century, people believed that when someone committed a criminal act it was not because they chose to do so, but because of some supernatural force, such as the full moon or demonic possession. Offending acts were punished by a wide range of inhumane acts including but not limited to being tarred and feathered, quartered, burned alive, beheaded, drowned, or stoned to death. This way of thinking and punishing offenders continued through the 1600’s until the Age of Enlightenment. ItRead MoreEssay on Jeremy Bentham Influence on Future1290 Words   |  6 PagesEssay on Jeremy Bentham’s influence Jeremy Bentham was born in 1748 in London, England. He was a utilitarianist, which is the idea that the right judgment is the judgment that brings the most happiness. Also an Atheist, Bentham was seen as the person who popularized utilitarianism. Bentham believed we could quantify or measure pleasure. He helped found the London College, in which his body was embalmed and used as a reminder of himself, and wrote many books on utilitarianism and found the best wayRead MoreThe Debate Over Death Penalty1618 Words   |  7 Pagesand scholarly discussions. The death penalty has a long and distinguished history in the United States, as it has been around in some form—either official or otherwise—since the beginning of American society. America originally adopted the British justice system, with hundreds of crimes being punishable by death. Slowly but surely, states began to eliminate the number of things that could lead to the death penalty. Likewise, new methods were introdu ced, with the electric chair coming about around theRead MoreAnalytical Philosophy : The Law Of The Land As It s Exists Today1049 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand the nature of law. Although John Austin is considered the father of the school of analytical jurisprudence, the origins of this school of thought date back to the time of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). Bentham’s work has come into light recently is now known to be the founder of this approach. Austin owes a lot to Bentham as much of his work is just a â€Å"para-phrasing† of Bentham’s work. Scope of analytical school of jurisprudence can be observed as follows:- †¢ Analysis of the legal system andRead MoreHate Propaganda And The Criminal Code Of Canada1589 Words   |  7 Pagesis in Sections 318, 319, and 320 of the Criminal Code of Canada, and it states that Hate propaganda means any writing, sign or visible representation that advocates or promotes genocide or the communication of which by any person would constitute an offence under section 319. and â€Å"Every one who advocates or promotes genocide is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years.† Under s. 319(1) of the Criminal Code, â€Å"anyone who communicates statementsRead MoreThe Classical School And The Positivist School881 Words   |  4 Pagesfully bloom until the 1800s when criminal laws were being made and enforced (Altrichter, 2015). With this in mind, the first school to be developed through criminology was the classical school. The classical school was founded upon the thoughts and ideas of Cesare Beccaria a nd Jeremy Bentham (Altrichter, 2015). Cesare Beccaria implicated the idea that a crime is to be punished depending on its severity and rather not the criminal (Altrichter, 2015). Jeremy Bentham contributed to the classical schoolRead MoreDeterrence Theory And The Criminal Justice Field Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagesbased upon a belief that citizens choose to obey or violate the law after determining the advantages and disadvantages of their actions (Paternoster, 2010). Deterrence, in the criminal justice field, dissuades individuals from criminal activity and from continuing to live a life of crime after committing the first criminal like act (Dutton, 2014). Law enforcement provides sanctions in the form of imprisonment, probation and fines (Paternoster, 2010). In the United States, a practical example of deterrence

A Remedy for Failing Public Schools Essay - 1849 Words

Our public schools are failing because they are operated under an antiquated system. Most are behemoth, bureaucratic bastions of inefficiency in which no one seems to be held accountable. It’s top-down management at its worst. The people who have the most contact with students in this over-burdened, under-funded system – the teachers – have the least input when it comes to â€Å"company† policy. This makes this system resemble a widget factory in which management has worked out all the kinks, so it thinks, and dictates to production line workers how to pump out a â€Å"good† product. But is our public education product really that good? Are the majority of today’s high school graduates – if graduation is actually in the picture – truly†¦show more content†¦And, Advisers’ pay scale and job security depends on this accountability. This puts the burden on them to make sure all students in their individual advisory group succeed. To make sure they do, Advisers have no choice but to collaborate with each other and with parents in cases where problems may exist. For instance, if a student isn’t doing well, say, in English, it would be to the advantage of his or her Advisor to go to the student’s English teacher to determine what the problem was so the two of them could come up with a viable solution, which may include the student’s parents or guardians and possibly others as needed. The purpose is to root out any cause or causes that may be keeping individual students from reaching their full potential and eli minating such problems before they cause more. In this way, truly, no student is â€Å"left behind.† The system guarantees it. Project-based Learning (PBL) PBL is where most academic achievements are products of student projects in which normal stateShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Ain t No Makin It By Jay Macleod1277 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Race to the Top† Initiative Will Damage the Lower Class and Minorities Sean Reardon of the Center for Education Policy Analysis wrote, â€Å"If we do not find ways to reduce the growing inequality in education outcomes – between the rich and the poor – schools will no longer be the great equalizer we want them to be.† President Obama’s â€Å"Race to the Top† policy will perpetuate race and class inequality in America’s education system. Low-income students as a group already have poorer academic performanceRead MoreEssay A Case for Vouchers and School Choice1047 Words   |  5 PagesCase for School Choice nbsp; There is growing conflict over the nations education policy. Indeed, this conflict remains one of the few areas of divergence between our converging two-party structure. Yet, as is so often the case with pressing concerns in American politics, any real proposals have been drowned under the Washington bureaucracy. Unfortunately, the nation can no longer ignore the ever-expanding education crisis plaguing the country, and Washington must consider school choice asRead MoreUse Of The Neighbouring Sports Turf Voiced By Jim, Tom And Marie Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pagesconclusion is that Jim, Tom and Marie all have action available under trespass and private nuisance. Their remedies in trespass are warning trespassers to leave, seeking damages to compensate for physical damage (Marie only), contacting the school about providing a sufficient amount of rubbish bins, and seeking mandatory injunctions to remove trespassing objects. In private nuisance, remedies are seeking damages to compensa te for physical damages (Marie only) and personal discomfort, and seeking aRead MoreSchool Voucher Program Should Be Abolished1727 Words   |  7 Pages I propose a school voucher program that would be widespread throughout the state of Connecticut with special consideration to the Hartford school district. Each student in the state will receive a voucher equivalent to 65 percent of the per-pupil cost of the public school in their district. The remaining 35 percent of spending would remain with the school to pay for fixed-costs (with a few exceptions). School who take in out of district would receive the money that follows the child. For exampleRead MoreSex Education : The Problem With Sexual Education1327 Words   |  6 Pagesyet again very wrong. If you think there is not a problem with sex education then you can easily google â€Å"problems with sexual education† and you will be amazed at the titles of articles you find. Most, if not all were titled things such as  "We are failing at teaching Sex ed or â€Å"what is wrong with sex ed classes†. Not a single article that I read said â€Å"We are doing a great job at teaching young students about sex†. That is disheartening, however, it tells us what we need to hear. We are doing a reallyRead MoreThe Liability Of A Negligence Tort Suit For School Districts1111 Words   |  5 Pagesomission which unlawfully violates a person’s right created by the law, and for which the appropriate remedy is a common law action for damage by the injured person (AA pg632). There are four main types of tort, these are: a) intentionally interferences, b) strict liability, c) negligence, and d) defamation (AA). Tort cases involving schools predominantly involve parents as plaintiffs and the school personnel as defendants. Although tort cases are relatively common, only around one-third of the plaintiffsRead MoreTort And Employment Of Inept Teachers1296 Words   |  6 Pagesviolates a person†™s right created by the law, and for which the appropriate remedy is a common law action for damage by the injured person (Alexander Alexander, 2012 p. 632). There are four main types of tort, these are: a) intentionally interferences, b) strict liability, c) negligence, and d) defamation (Alexander Alexander, 2012 p. 633). Tort cases involving schools predominantly involve parents as plaintiffs and the school personnel as defendants. Although tort cases are relatively common, onlyRead MoreEssay on Is NCLB Necessary?1369 Words   |  6 PagesIs the NCLB really necessary? The No Child Left Behind act is a nationwide legal system that is considered to improve our education system. The NCLB act improves our education system by setting a standard for each school to meet (a required academic standard), hire high quality teachers, improve communication with parents, and provide a safe environment for the students. However after the NCLB act took effect, not much was accomplished. Now many question whether the NCLB is really necessary. Read MoreUsing Technology Into An Organization858 Words   |  4 Pagesthat school leaders should consider integrating technology into an organization in a slow and methodical manner in order to help employees understand the new procedures and give them the opportunity to adapt. This method of integration can help organizations implement their plan and lower employee resistance. The resistance in implementing technology into an organization can significantly increase if it has the potential to impact the personal finances of the employee. In the past school, schoolRead MoreThe Effect Of Body Cameras On Police Work1722 Words   |  7 Pagesthe abuse of power by police officers. Historically, there was no recording of most encounters between police officers and the public. This lack of a recording resulted in much different accounts of incidents between witnesses and police, such as in the Michael Brown killing discussed above. The opinion of the ACLU is that cameras have the potential to help protect the public against police misconduct, and at the same time help protect police against false accusations of abuse (Stanley). It is worth

Competitive Strategy Creativity and Innovation Management

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy for Creativity and Innovation Management. Answer: Introduction: The Art of General is meaning of Strategos a Greek word. The strategy comes from the Greek word Strategos. The Strategy helps to determine the work and how the work will be proceeded. It is can be defined as a blueprint or master plan and it helps to reach the goal. In the opinion of Durmaz and Ilhan (2015), strategy is the determination of the mind in action. The art Warsignifies who win the battle is a God. Actually strategy of war is not to win the battle. Strategy of war is how to defeat the enemies in battle (Raspin and Terjesen, 2007). In the modern day business organisation has to think about the market, its competitors and sustainability. Hence, it is very difficult for the organisation to survive in this competitive market. For this they have to develop strategies to achieve the desired goal. There are four important factors which need to be taken care of for the entrepreneurs to reach the desired objectives. The four points need to identify the where they want to compete, which unique value they can bring, resources utilization and sustenance of unique value. According to, McCann and McCarren (2012), strategy is something that helps the organisation to sustain in the competitive world. There are several types of strategies in the business. Those strategies are can be long term and short term basis. The Organisation needs to adopt these strategies to sustain the business in long term basis. For example, Microsoft has adopted a long term and short term strategies to get on the basis of customers choices. Microsoft is a global organisation. It is the leading organisation that provides desired services to its customers. Microsoft is the market leader in computer technology industry (www.microsoft.com 2016). Accesibility is the main thing for the modern day customers. It makes easy each and every work. Microsoft with the help of an integrative accessibility strategy has been trying to grow its product and accessible to users by planning, designing, research, testing and development. They are focused on four main strategies. These are Innovation, awareness and leadership, collaboration and accessibility of the products. In the 2015 it achieved the best computer technology provider in the world (www.microsoft.com 2016). It acquired Nokia, Skype and many more. The main strategy of Microft is to make itself accessible to the customers. Microsoft has adopted it strategies on the basis of the diverse needs of the customers. With the help of integrated strategies, Microsoft becomes the leader of the computer software industry. Innovative and unique strategy is the main priority of Microsoft. The unique products of Microsoft are Lumia, Windoows, Xbox, Skype, One Drive and so on. Microsoft is collaborating with a range of organisations like G3ICT to spread the awareness of accessibility of the people (www.microsoft.com 2016). Apart from that new products are developing day by day to meet the customers expectations. Hence it can be said that strategy is the master plan that generates a right path to organisation, Microsft is its best example. Business model innovation Innovation helps the organisation to meet its objectives in the competitive world. For example, Nokia and Kodak has lost their way due to proper innovation. They did not research for innovative products, customer needs and market competition. Now-a-days almost every industry, is growing day by day with the help of its innovative products and services. With the adoption of innovative technology and services organisation can achieve the customers expectations. Innovative business model has been adopted be several organisations Google, Microsoft, Apple, to name a few. Innovation helps to sustain the organisation in a new country because it helps to determine the customers choice, needs and the market conditions (Shih-chung, 2013). For an example, eBay, Amazon, Google all has adopted innovative technologies and service to get the most customers and to sustain in this fast growing world. It is highly important for the innovative business model is to identify the targeted customers of firm , type of products and services, and distinctive value added products. It helps the organisation generate revenue (Bucherer et al. 2012). Also, it is necessary for each and every organisation to make changes the technology and services in regular basis so that it can meet the various expectation of the customers. Ideation, Initiation, Integration and Implementation are the main steps that help to develop innovative business models. For the growth of the organisation, it is essential to integrate the four main steps. For example, Amazon is the leading eCommerce organisation who uses most innovative products and services. Amazon is the market leader in the eCommerce industry. Its service and user friendly technologies have been able to bring reforms (www.amazon.com.au, 2016). In its eCommerece website people can come for shopping and selling products. Variety of products and services has helped to create its huge market base. Almost 90 plus percent innovation of Amazon is less risky. In the opinion of Xavier, innovation consistently generates new technologies and innovative service as it seems innovation is Amozons DNA. According to Baron (2002), online business model adopted by Aamzon is the most impressive and attractive with this model they are the market leader. This model helps Amazon to achieve most customers compared to eBay. Aamzon makes its market open to all and it reaches to the most remote places through its innovative business model (www.amazon.com.au, 2016). Few steps have been taken by Amazon like stop selling low performing products, prepare for low profit margin and so on. These small steps have helped Amazon to increase its revenue and customer base. Amazon is generating its revenues by charging a certain commission to the sellers, for listing and selling their products (www.amazon.com.au, 2016). All these features help the buyers and sellers equally. Cost cutdown and seasonal sale has added more value to the Amazons innovative services. Customers can get more profitable product in low price from Amazon as it is maintained by its customers. Hence, it can be said that initiation, ideation, integration and implementation are the main four steps business model which help to grow the business in the competitive world. References: Durmaz, Y., and Ilhan, A. (2015). Growth Strategies in Businesses and A Theoretical Approach.International Journal of Business and Management,10(4), 210. McCann, J. and McCarren, D. (2012). Emerging market strategy development and implementation. J. for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 6(3/4), p.244. Raspin, P. and Terjesen, S. (2007). Strategy making: what have we learned about forecasting the future?. Business Strategy Series, 8(2), pp.116-121. Microsoft (2016)Microsoft official home page. Available at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-au/ (Accessed: 25 August 2016). Shih-chug, L., (2013). Applying Innovative Model and Optimize Business Management for Product Market. journalofdistributionscience, 11(3), pp.13-2 Bucherer, E., Eisert, U. and Gassmann, O. (2012). Towards Systematic Business Model Innovation: Lessons from Product Innovation Management. Creativity and Innovation Management, 21(2), pp.183-198. Baron, D. (2002). Private Ordering on the Internet: The EBay Community of Traders. Business and Politics, 4(3).99-105 Amazon (1996)Literature fiction bestsellers. Available at: https://www.amazon.com.au/ (Accessed: 25 August 2016)

J.R.R. Tolkien Middle Earth Essays - J. R. R. Tolkien,

J.R.R. Tolkien: Middle Earth J.R.R. Tolkien: Middle Earth John Ronald Reuel Tolkien is remembered for his imaginative writings and the lasting creation of Middle-earth world. However, he was also a great scholar and linguist, holding the position of the Rawlingson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University. His writings owe much of its power to his ocean of knowledge about European languages and a deep understanding and appreciation of the art of storytelling and myths. His books have been translated into twenty-four languages and many millions of copies have been sold worldwide. Tolkien was born in the Orange Free State, in what is now South Africa, on January 3, 1892. However, his mother brought him home to England when he was four, and after his father's death his family made their home in rural Sarehole, then on the edge of the industrial city, Brimingham. When Tolkien was only twelve, his mother passed away, leaving him and his brother in the care of Father Francis Xavier Morgan. Father Morgan was a very strong moral influence on young Tolkien and provided him with loving support though to his years in college. Tolkien received a very good high school education at King Edward VI School, one of the finest schools in England at the time. From there he went up to Oxford, where he studied English at Exeter College, gaining him first class honors. At the age of twenty-one, Tolkien proposed to his childhood sweetheart, Edith Bratt, although it was against the wishes of Father Morgan, who objected to him marrying someone three years older than himself. However, the two were unable to wed for a few years because Tolkien was drafted to fight in World War I. During the war he served in the Lancashire Fusiliers as an officer, and survived the Somme, though many of his close friends and colleagues died. His respect for the common soldier under the great stress of war shows through in his later writings, where the Hobbits show strength in Mordor, previously unseen by themselves or others. After the war he got a job, working at the New English Dictionary, but in 1920 he was appointed reader in English at Leeds University. Four years later he was promoted to Professor, which is the highest academic rank in British universities. It was this time that he started writing. At this stage he thought of his tales as being a new mythology for England. These early works, which laid the basis for his later works, are now published as The Book of Lost Tales. In 1925 he was elected to the Professorship at Oxford. There he specialized in Philology, the study of words, and was among the most accomplished scholars in his field. His love of words led him to work on a series of languages for the Elves of Middle-earth. Though out his lifetime this obsession drove him to produce fourteen languages and he also showed how these languages developed over the course of history of Middle-earth. Tolkien said that the one of the first alphabets, called Tengwar, became very popular because it was a very flexible writing system that was easily adapted by the many different races of Middle-earth for use with their languages. The main flaw of this language was that it was very difficult to inscribe onto metal, stone or wood. This led to the creation of alphabet but with simpler characters made with strait lines. Tolkien often signed his work with }[emailprotected]@O8bael/u} , which translates into his name. Over the course of the next few years Tolkien wrote four books for each of his four children. Of these, The Hobbit is the best known and was eventually published in 1937. Stanley Unwin, the publisher asked for a sequel but Tolkien was skeptical of a sequel's success. He felt as if his work would only be enjoyed by a small minority and was surprised with his previous success. Once he began though, he became very involved with the book. Unfortunately World War II intervened, and slowed the process down considerably, taking a total of twelve years to complete. The book blossomed into more than a sequel, being not a book for children, but a great saga for adults, The Lord of the Rings. At the time of its first publication the book received mixed reviews. It was not until the late 60's and early 70's that Tolkien's popularity increased dramatically with the official release of the Lord of the Rings in the

Great Depression Basics and Roosevelts New Deal

Great Depression Basics and Roosevelt's New Deal The Great Depression was a period of worldwide economic depression that lasted from 1929 until approximately 1939. The starting point of the Great Depression is usually listed as October 29, 1929, commonly called Black Tuesday. This was the date when the stock market fell dramatically 12.8%. This was after two previous stock market crashes on Black Tuesday (October 24), and Black Monday (October 28). The Dow Jones Industrial Average would eventually bottom out by July, 1932 with a loss of approximately 89% of its value. However, the actual causes of the Great Depression are much more complicated than just the stock market crash. In fact, historians and economists do not always agree about the exact causes of the depression. Throughout 1930, consumer spending continued to decline which meant businesses cut jobs thereby increasing unemployment. Further, a severe drought across America meant that agricultural jobs were reduced. Countries across the globe were affected and many protectionist polices were created thereby increasing the problems on a global scale. Franklin Roosevelt and His New Deal Herbert Hoover was president at the beginning of the Great Depression. He tried to institute reforms to help stimulate the economy but they had little to no effect. Hoover did not believe that the federal government should be directly involved in economic affairs and would not fix prices or change the value of the currency. Instead, he focused on helping states and private businesses to provide relief.   By 1933, unemployment in the United States was at a staggering 25%. Franklin Roosevelt easily defeated Hoover who was seen as out of touch and uncaring. Roosevelt became president on March 4, 1933 and immediately instituted the first New Deal.  This was a comprehensive group of short-term recovery programs, many of which were modeled on those that Hoover had attempted to create. Roosevelts New Deal not only included economic aid, work assistance programs, and greater control over businesses but also the end of the gold standard and of prohibition. This was then followed by the Second New Deal programs which included more long-term assistance such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Social Security System, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Fannie Mae, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC). However, there is still question today about the effectiveness of many of these programs as a recession occurred in 1937 -38. During these years, unemployment rose again. Some blame the New Deal programs as being hostile towards businesses. Others state that the New Deal, while not ending the Great Depression, at least helped the economy by increasing regulation and preventing further decay. No one can argue that the New Deal fundamentally changed the way that the federal government interacted with the economy and the role it would take in the future. In 1940, unemployment was still at 14%. However, with Americas entry into World War II and subsequent mobilization, unemployment rates dropped to 2% by 1943. While some argue that the war itself did not end the Great Depression, others point to the increase in government spending and increased job opportunities as reasons why it was a large part of the national economic recovery. Learn more about the Great Depression Era: Causes of the Great DepressionNew Deal ProgramsNew Deal AcronymsHerbert Hoover BiographyFranklin Roosevelt Biography

Study Guide to Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Poem “Kubla Khan”

Study Guide to Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Poem â€Å"Kubla Khan† Samuel Taylor Coleridge said that he wrote â€Å"Kubla Khan† in the fall of 1797, but it was not published until he read it to George Gordon, Lord Byron in 1816, when Byron insisted that it go into print immediately. It is a powerful, legendary and mysterious poem, composed during an opium dream, admittedly a fragment. In the prefatory note published with the poem, Coleridge claimed he wrote several hundred lines during his reverie, but was not able to finish writing out the poem when he woke because his frenzied writing was interrupted: The following fragment is here published at the request of a poet of great and deserved celebrity [Lord Byron], and, as far as the Author’s own opinions are concerned, rather as a psychological curiosity, than on the ground of any supposed poetic merits.In the summer of the year 1797, the Author, then in ill health, had retired to a lonely farm-house between Porlock and Linton, on the Exmoor confines of Somerset and Devonshire. In consequence of a slight indisposition, an anodyne had been prescribed, from the effects of which he fell asleep in his chair at the moment that he was reading the following sentence, or words of the same substance, in Purchas’s Pilgrimage : â€Å"Here the Khan Kubla commanded a palace to be built, and a stately garden thereunto. And thus ten miles of fertile ground were inclosed with a wall.† The Author continued for about three hours in a profound sleep, at least of the external senses, during which time he has the most vivid confiden ce, that he could not have composed less than from two to three hundred lines; if that indeed can be called composition in which all the images rose up before him as things, with a parallel production of the correspondent expressions, without any sensation or consciousness of effort. On awakening he appeared to himself to have a distinct recollection of the whole, and taking his pen, ink, and paper, instantly and eagerly wrote down the lines that are here preserved. At this moment he was unfortunately called out by a person on business from Porlock, and detained by him above an hour, and on his return to his room, found, to his no small surprise and mortification, that though he still retained some vague and dim recollection of the general purport of the vision, yet, with the exception of some eight or ten scattered lines and images, all the rest had passed away like the images on the surface of a stream into which a stone has been cast, but, alas! without the after restoration of t he latter!Then all the charmIs brokenall that phantom-world so fairVanishes, and a thousand circlets spread,And each mis-shape the other. Stay awile,Poor youth! who scarcely dar’st lift up thine eyesThe stream will soon renew its smoothness, soonThe visions will return! And lo, he stays,And soon the fragments dim of lovely formsCome trembling back, unite, and now once moreThe pool becomes a mirror.Yet from the still surviving recollections in his mind, the Author has frequently purposed to finish for himself what had been originally, as it were, given to him: but the to-morrow is yet to come. â€Å"Kubla Khan† is famously incomplete, and thus cannot be said to be a strictly formal poem- yet its use of rhythm and the echoes of end-rhymes is masterful, and these poetic devices have a great deal to do with its powerful hold on the reader’s imagination. Its meter is a chanting series of iambs, sometimes tetrameter (four feet in a line, da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM) and sometimes pentameter (five feet, da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM). Line-ending rhymes are everywhere, not in a simple pattern, but interlocking in a way that builds to the poem’s climax (and makes it great fun to read out loud). The rhyme scheme may be summarized as follows: A B A A B C C D B D BE F E E F G G H H I I J J K A A K L LM N M N O OP Q R R Q B S B S T O T T T O U U O (Each line in this scheme represents one stanza. Please note that I have not followed the usual custom of beginning each new stanza with â€Å"A† for the rhyme-sound, because I want to make visible how Coleridge circled around to use earlier rhymes in some of the later stanzas for instance, the â€Å"A†s in the second stanza, and the â€Å"B†s in the fourth stanza.) â€Å"Kubla Khan† is a poem clearly meant to be spoken. So many early readers and critics found it literally incomprehensible that it became a commonly accepted idea that this poem is â€Å"composed of sound rather than sense.† Its sound is beautiful- as will be evident to anyone who reads it aloud. The poem is certainly not devoid of meaning, however. It begins as a dream stimulated by Coleridge’s reading of Samuel Purchas’ 17th century travel book, Purchas his Pilgrimage, or Relations of the World and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places discovered, from the Creation unto the Present (London, 1617). The first stanza describes the summer palace built by Kublai Khan, the grandson of the Mongol warrior Genghis Khan and founder of the Yuan dynasty of Chinese emperors in the 13th century, at Xanadu (or Shangdu): In Xanadu did Kubla KhanA stately pleasure-dome decree Xanadu, north of Beijing in inner Mongolia, was visited by Marco Polo in 1275 and after his account of his travels to the court of Kubla Khan, the word â€Å"Xanadu† became synonymous with foreign opulence and splendor. Compounding the mythical quality of the place Coleridge is describing, the poem’s next lines name Xanadu as the place Where Alph, the sacred river, ranThrough caverns measureless to man This is likely a reference to the description of the River Alpheus in Description of Greece by the 2nd century geographer Pausanias (Thomas Taylor’s 1794 translation was in Coleridge’s library). According to Pausanias, the river rises up to the surface, then descends into the earth again and comes up elsewhere in fountains- clearly the source of the images in the second stanza of the poem: And from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething,As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing,A mighty fountain momently was forced:Amid whose swift half-intermitted burstHuge fragments vaulted like rebounding hail,Or chaffy grain beneath the thresher’s flail:And ’mid these dancing rocks at once and everIt flung up momently the sacred river. But where the lines of the first stanza are measured and tranquil (in both sound and sense), this second stanza is agitated and extreme, like the movement of the rocks and the sacred river, marked with the urgency of exclamation points both at the beginning of the stanza and at its end: And ’mid this tumult Kubla heard from farAncestral voices prophesying war! The fantastical description becomes even more so in the third stanza: It was a miracle of rare device,A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice! And then the fourth stanza makes a sudden turn, introducing the narrator’s â€Å"I† and turning from the description of the palace at Xanadu to something else the narrator has seen: A damsel with a dulcimerIn a vision once I saw:It was an Abyssinian maid,And on her dulcimer she played,Singing of Mount Abora. Some critics have suggested that Mount Abora is Coleridge’s name for Mount Amara, the mountain described by John Milton in Paradise Lost at the source of the Nile in Ethiopia (Abyssinia) an African paradise of nature here set next to Kubla Khan’s created paradise at Xanadu. To this point â€Å"Kubla Khan† is all magnificent description and allusion, but as soon the poet actually manifests himself in the poem in the word â€Å"I† in the last stanza, he quickly turns from describing the objects in his vision to describing his own poetic endeavor: Could I revive within meHer symphony and song,To such a deep delight ’twould win me,That with music loud and long,I would build that dome in air,That sunny dome! those caves of ice! This must be the place where Coleridge’s writing was interrupted; when he returned to write these lines, the poem turned out to be about itself, about the impossibility of embodying his fantastical vision. The poem becomes the pleasure-dome, the poet is identified with Kubla Khan- both are creators of Xanadu, and Coleridge is apeaking of both poet and khan in the poem’s last lines: And all should cry, Beware! Beware!His flashing eyes, his floating hair!Weave a circle round him thrice,And close your eyes with holy dread,For he on honey-dew hath fed,And drunk the milk of Paradise. The PoemNotes on ContextNotes on FormNotes on ContentCommentary and Quotations â€Å"...what he calls a vision, Kubla Khanwhich said vision he repeats so enchantingly that it irradiates and brings heaven and Elysian bowers into my parlour.†from an 1816 letter to William Wordsworth, in The Letters of Charles Lamb (Macmillan, 1888) Samuel Taylor Coleridge writing this poem â€Å"The first dream added a palace to reality; the second, which occurred five centuries later, a poem (or the beginning of a poem) suggested by the palace. The similarity of the dreams hints of a plan.... In 1691 Father Gerbillon of the Society of Jesus confirmed that ruins were all that was left of the palace of Kubla Khan; we know that scarcely fifty lines of the poem were salvaged. These facts give rise to the conjecture that this series of dreams and labors has not yet ended. The first dreamer was given the vision of the palace, and he built it; the second, who did not know of the other’s dream, was given the poem about the palace. If the plan does not fail, some reader of ‘Kubla Khan’ will dream, on a night centuries removed from us, of marble or of music. This man will not know that two others also dreamed. Perhaps the series of dreams has no end, or perhaps the last one who dreams will have the key....†from â€Å"The Dream of Coleridge† in Other Inquisitions, 1937-1952 by Jorge Luis Borges, translated by Ruth Simms (University of Texas Press, 1964, reprint forthcoming November 2007)

Arbitration case review Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arbitration review - Case Study Example During the year, Mr. John Schleifer, who is the assistant superintendent for secondary school education and acting on behalf of the district superintendent for education, decided to offer both seventh and eighth grade science in summer schools. He only did this on condition that the school followed the FAST program and its teachers trained in FAST program. Consequently, a middle school tutor for middle school who is trained in FAST made an application to teach seventh and eighth grade in summer school and was hired. The teacher is scheduled to begin teaching the two classes. The grievant was not hired to the position for lack of the necessary training, which is the FAST training. The other teacher is trained in the FAST program and was employed since the relevant agreement required the District to employ an individual in possession of the required qualification to teach in the summer school. Issues The parties agreed to arbitrate on issues relating the dismissal of the grievant. The issue here is whether the grievant’s dismissal was conducted in accordance to the set guidelines on employment and dismissal. Background and evidence The material facts of the issues are not in dispute. The evidence presented shows that the District employed another teacher who is not the grievant for a position to teach seventh grade and eighth grade in the summer school. ... vant who is a fifth grade teacher had been appointed by the District to teach seventh and eighth grade classes at summer school prior to her dismissal because there was no other qualified teacher for that position. At the time of her employment, no qualified applicants applied for the position. The District, on the other hand, maintains that the grievant was previously employed to the position in the past because there was no other qualified applicant to take the position. The District relies on the regulation that gives it the mandate to employ teachers with professional qualifications in the regular schools as summer school teachers. This regulation also provides that the District can only employ non-bargaining unit teacher as summer school teachers when there are no qualified teachers to hold the position applied. An appointment, in this regard, is a onetime appointment for regularly employed members. The agreement further provides that the Superintendent reserves the right to dir ect the work of employees, hire, demote, assign, transfer, demote and retain employees. Additionally the superintendent determines the methods, means and the personnel who conduct operations. The grievant, on the other hand, asserts that an earlier arbitration decision should apply to the current issue. The arbitration decision is approximately ten years old and involves a grievance between the Union and the District regarding an issue where the District failed to reappoint a social studies department chairperson. The chairperson whom the District failed to reappoint had held the position for a number of years through annual reappointments. The school principal consequently decided to appoint another applicant to the position denying the applicant the opportunity to continue serving as a

How the American media influenced Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How the American media influenced Japan - Essay Example as well as political effects on a society, and thus, a huge number of scholars and experts are putting efforts to understand the influence and effects of media on its own society, as well as societies around the globe. In particular, this paper will be endeavor to analyze the role of American media in the Japanese society, and will attempt to identify different aspects of the American media that is playing a crucial role in altering the Japanese culture and society. In sociology, experts (Richardson, pp. 23-25) consider American media as a powerful body that has the command of influencing nations globally, and they often term American media as ‘pop culture.’ In specific, American media is a wide sector involving huge range of components, such as television, films, newspapers, and radio; however, experts believe that only television and films have the ability to influences masses due to their long-ranging availability as compared with newspapers and radio that confront limitation of national, as well as educational boundaries. Interestingly, the two components of the American media: television and films have yet been successful in promoting individuals in other countries to think, behave, act, and respond in an American way, and that is visible in most of the countries, especially the Asian countries that are already under influence of American politics and power. It is an observation that sociologists (Porter, pp. 12-13) in Japan are now afraid of cultural homogenization in the country due to increment in the influence of American pop culture globally. In this regard, they are putting efforts to prevent such cultural deterioration in a significant manner by putting barriers. Still, the American media has been successful in acquiring mass audience in Japan, and nowadays, MTV, Star World, Hollywood, etc have now become a part of Japanese society, especially young members of Japan that will be the future leaders of Japanese culture and society. A number of

Museum of Art Essay Example for Free

Museum of Art Essay After visiting the Raleigh Museum of Art, I discovered two paintings that conjured up opposite feelings that I will compare and contrast. The painting I liked most was titled, Jungle Camp, 2000 an Acrylic on canvas 72 x 60 in. (182. 9 x 152. 4 cm), from one of North Carolina’s most respected artists, Maud Gatewood. Her paintings record the varied experiences of a wandering life. Writing on the back of the canvas, the artist notes the origins of this picture: Trapped in the Amazon with a bad leg. Confined to a hut, she made the most of the opportunity. The second painting titled, Venice without water, by North Carolina’s artist Donald Sultan was the painting I truly disliked because of the feelings it provoked. Sultan’s painting from 1990 was an acrylic painting and measured 96 x96 inches in dimension. Sultan used Butyl rubber, acrylic paint, and plaster on vinyl composite tiles, which were mounted on four Masonite panels. Both painting represent landscapes captured by the artists’ eyes or through a photograph. These paintings gave me two strong, but opposite, feelings: joy and sadness. I will describe the differences and contrast these two works of art. The two pieces of art works have several differences in style. First, the shape in the painting, jungle camp, is rectangular; while the second painting is square. The choice and use of color in the two paintings are completely opposite. Since color is most important to me, I chose the jungle camp painting due to the variety of bright colors that pop from canvas. The painting from Mrs. Gatewood is colorful, which gave me a feeling of joy and warmth. However, Sultan decided to use contrast instead of colors in his painting. Thus, Sultan’s painting is filled with different tones of grey, black, or white. Gatewood’s painting represents a jungle’s view from a patio or balcony. I can see tall palm trees all stuck to each other in her painting, which gives the impression of abundance and fertility. She chooses many different variations of green. For example, she utilizes certain hues of light green to create an effect of sun reflection. There are two types of curtains on the patio, hanging on a fine line. The first is really colorful, a mix of tropical color, and the second is like a white veil, which you can see trough it. The mix of materials and colors for the curtains, added to the jungle, procures me a sense of evasion, vacation, and relaxation. I was drawn to the atmosphere of serenity and tropic jumbled together, which is the reason that this painting evoked my interest. However, Sultan’s painting is the exact opposite of abundance and excursion. The whole artwork is quite dark and sad. It’s a representation of the well-known Rialto’s bridge, which is an infrastructure between to planes. The first plane is an illustration of wood’s pillars, which surround the Venetian canals; they are use by the gondoliers to park their â€Å"original dinghy†. The second plane is the bridge; it looks pretty scary and dark with no one crossing it. The final plane, which is the background, consists of some Venetian’s buildings. These buildings form a line that converges towards the bridge; which helps my eyes focus on the main subject the bridge. Sultan’s painting does not reflect the Venice that I saw five years ago. When I think about my trip to Venice, I have an enriched memory filled with bright colors from the Carnival. I remember vivid colors on all the masks, costumes, life, and crawl of people. Sultan’s artwork doesn’t have any of my souvenirs. Instead, the painting is more like a sinister version of the beautiful city, Venice. Although I do not like this particular outlook of Venice, I realized after studying his painting that the artist is expressing his environmental point of view of the city, which I completely agree with. As an admirer of this city, I feel concerned by the environmental issue depicted in the painting. The notion that the excess of tourism could be destructive to a fragile city like Venice is a valid concern. The artist conveys his dismay over â€Å"the deteriorating environment with the unused mooring posts, the dry canal bed of mud-like tar, and the melancholy mood of the painting†. I think that colors or tonalities are the essence of the painting, like the rhythm and tunes are for music. In my view colors are strongly subjective, they can have different psychologist effects and symbolist’s significations, they can differ from a culture to another; associating Black with mourning is normal, in our occidental countries, while in Asia it’s the actual opposite, White. In my case the colors are the main cause, on what I think is pretty or not.

Tupac Shakur Essay -- Music, Rap Industry

Tupac Shakur, otherwise known as 2Pac, was well known for his accomplishments in the rap industry, as well as his career in acting. When most people look back at the life of Tupac they will remember September 7th 1996, the night Shakur was shot four times on the streets of Las Vegas. Six days later on September 13th 1996, he was pronounced dead at the University Of Nevada Medical Center (THUG, 2011). Although most individuals believed that the tension between the East Coast and the West Coast would lighten with the death of Tupac, it did just the opposite. With angry fans mourning the death of Tupac, and gang members begin promoting more violence in the streets. The feud became stronger between the East and West Coast, causing a divide throughout America. Even though Tupac wasn't alive anymore his records were still sold, and his music videos and songs were still being produced. Other rappers also used the death of Tupac to their advantage, writing songs and raps about his dea th. Moreover, the death of Tupac brought curiosity to many Americans regarding the rap industry because he was a very well-known rapper/actor, who many people still mourn today. Sectionalism in the early eighteen hundreds was much like the East Coast and West Coast feud in the 1990’s. In the 1800’s the issue over slavery was dividing America into two, the North and the South. The North did not think slavery was right, the South did, and they wanted slavery to continue. The constant fighting over the issue of slavery increased as the decade went on. The result of this feud was the Civil War, that broke out in April 1861. The war lasted four long years, with many casualties, and relationships between states that would take a great amount of time to ... ...e still released after his death (Kallen, 94). Most of the released songs became hits, but Tupac Shakur was unable to accept the praise. Some have the idea that at the time Tupac was shot, he was going to leave Death Row Records. If this were true, it would have been a reason for someone from Death Row Records to shoot him, but as of 1999, there had been no investigation into Tupac Shakur’s murder. This brought a great deal of anger among many people who were furious that he was murdered in the first place (Tupac, 2002). Furthermore, the death of Tupac Shakur has become famous throughout America, whether you were a fan of Tupac Shakur, or the story was all a shocker to you, it has caused curiosity among individuals whether or not the East Coast versus West Coast rivalry was the cause of the murder, and whether or not the rivalry was necessary in the beginning.

“Animal Farm” by George Orwell Essay

Napoleon is the main character from the book Animal Farm written by George Orwell. He is a demanding, overpowering pig who always gets what he wants. In the book Napoleon is a common pig that gets rid of the pig that shares power with him, Snowball and takes over the leader ship of the farm which he later turns into a dictatorship. The difference between Napoleon and Snowball is what makes the book powerful and refers to what real people get manipulated easily. Napoleon is based on the real life person Joseph Stalin, who ruled the Soviet Union for 30 years. The name Napoleon comes from the French general Napoleon Bonaparte, who was power crazy and a dictator. In the book Napoleon is a bad pig from the beginning. He fights along with his fellow pig, Snowball to free the farm from humans but later on starts making some suspicious decisions such as drinking the milk that the animals have worked for and taking the puppies of Jessie and Bluebell for himself. Napoleon takes over by sending his dogs after Snowball, who runs away, do to fear. Slowly but surely we see him take one step at a time towards the crown of being the only leader. For example he changes the seven Commandments rules against killing, drinking, and sleeping in bed. All the animals are forced to work just as hard as before the rebellion and they don’t even get enough food. Napoleon makes the other animals fear him by killing the animals that have made wrong decisions and starving some of them because they don’t do as he says. Soon enough everyone does as he wishes and behaves after his will. Napoleon praises himself for all the things that he has done for the animals which in the end is nothing.

Psychoanalysis of Crime Essay

An individual’s sense of self has always been an issue that fascinated people. Under the notion that most people enjoy talking about themselves, the realm of psychology opened its doors to investigate the underlying conditions that make people who they are and how they perceive others and the world. Many theories have been developed in order to understand the complexities that make up the human psyche and it is in this aspect that this paper will center upon. The theory which I have chosen for this particular case study is the Psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud and I believe this theory will address most of the behavioral patterns that the subject is situated in. Freud’s psychoanalytic style in examining an individual’s motives for behavior has established the grounds for in-depth analysis into a person’s psyche and though it has its limitation, it offers a refreshing viewpoint as to why such behaviors have endured and its significance to an individual’s interpretation of the world (Shoham, 1993). Psychoanalysis has helped in putting into perspective the many ways in which behaviors of an individual or groups of individuals could be determined by the examining their upbringing and isolating internal and external desires. One of the major conjectures of psychoanalysis is that individuals are inherently sinful and they are controlled by certain instincts which are buried in one’s subconscious. The psychoanalytic theory attempts to realize these internal desires in order to determine the right kind of action in which the individual might be able to control a problematic behavior from recurring (Elliott, 2002). In order to see the application of the psychoanalytical theory, a brief background of the case study should be presented to comprehend the situation. The case study involves a twenty-eight year old man named Bert who was convicted of committing larceny. In the article, Bert was condemned to serve a four year sentence in prison with eighteen months non-parole. Admitting to the crime he had committed, he was said to have been accompanied by two accomplices whom he knew from his previous prison sentence. It was relayed that Bert had entered a pub one night and was approached by the two accomplices who urged him to join them rob a factory. Nine weeks before the incident, Bert was out of prison after serving a year in prison for getting caught with stolen goods. In Freud’s Division of the mind, he enlists the concept of the Id, Superego and Ego. The Id is supposed to uphold the baser instincts that are present in each individual. It dispenses on the precepts of pleasure to satisfy the innate wants of the individual. The Superego comprises the ethical or moral aspect of the individual that appeals to an ideal sense of being. The Ego is said to be the balancing aspect of the individual’s personality as it maintains the needs and wants of both the Id and the Superego. The Ego represents the awareness of an individual regarding his/her state of being (Shoham, 1993). If the processes that harmonize these three should ever be disrupted, it would render uneasiness to the individual’s psyche and cause him/her to employ some defense mechanisms that would be able to shield the ego. The psychoanalysis in Bert’s case encompasses a great deal of struggle between his superego and id, as can be denoted when he points out that he is frustrated with himself for not being able to avoid criminal activities. This is described as an over-developed superego, which imposes an excessive need for punishment with regard to the things the individual has wrongly committed or the unpleasant experiences that has brought misery into the individual’s life (Shoham, 1993). In the text, Bert was said to have grown-up in a dysfunctional family and that his absentee father was also a criminal who often displayed a violent attitude towards the family whenever he was home. In this aspect, Bert’s rationale on punishing himself was an act of regression in an early state of his life that involved his father (Shoham, 1993). The illegal acts Bert has committed during his early teens and the subsequent trips to juvenile and adult institutions has led him to think that he should be penalized for the things that he has done and for belonging to a family that breeds criminals.. In a sense, Bert might be trying to compensate for his father’s mistake of abandoning his children with regard to his wife and kids and most especially, his brothers and sister. This kind of rationalization instills tension into his being, which makes him unconsciously commit illegal activities despite his efforts to reform his life (Shoham, 1993). As a result of this conflict, Bert reasons out in a defying way that even though he acknowledges his wrongdoing, he believes that it is under the influence of alcohol and the two conspirators with him the night of the criminal activity. Bert also pointed out that the long sentence designated to the criminal act that he had committed was a bit unreasonable since he only stole goods from a factory and not a private residence. Based on these statements, Bert had shown feelings of contradiction between his guilt for what he had done and his comprehension of the situation as he puts the blame on other sources in lieu of himself. In the case study, Bert was thought of to be a pushover by the law officers as the former would get caught up in situations that force him to do things that should best be avoided (Elliot, 2002). Parallel to his over-developed superego, Bert’s behavior also displays a weak Ego in conjunction with his Id. His inability to stand his ground in moral situations and his inadequacy in delivering good judgments makes him a pawn for manipulative individuals like the two conspirators whom Bert met at the pub (Shoham, 1993). In this situation, it is quite clear that he is still in denial of what he has done since he has not fully accepted the responsibility for the criminal act. However, in another statement, he also did not want to cooperate with the law enforcers in identifying who were his accomplices in committing larceny. This posits a rather confusing behavior as Bert did not want to admit fully to the crime committed yet he does his conspirators a favor and refuses to give out their names to the law officers as he believes that he is not one to break the code of brotherhood. This act alone concurs with the insight made earlier about his desire to be punished for being a criminal (Rosen, 1996). On another note, Bert has tried to justify the crime he had committed by rationalizing the triviality of robbing the factory and that a long sentence was not necessary. He seems to suppress the mere fact that he has a long track record of criminal activities that warrants for the current court verdict. With this in mind, one can deduce that Bert still thinks of himself as a misguided youth. Such display of reasoning implicates how the environment he grew up in greatly influenced his decisions in life (Shoham, 1993). His lack of a formal education and emotional nurture at home resulted to his rebellious conduct and misplaced aggression that could only be attributed to his family’s situation. Bert’s leanings toward alcoholism may be credited to his undeveloped oral stage, which his mother could not properly provide as the strains of his father being in prison and the abuses that his mother and siblings received from him deprived Bert of a normal transition into the next stages of development (Shoham, 1993). In addition, his father’s drunken presence at the puberty stage predisposed him and his older brothers to acclimate a life of criminal activities since that might have been the only way that he could be with his father who was gone most of the time. While he was third among the two boys in his family, he could not look up to his older brothers as they too were undependable for the nurturing in which he sought from his parents (Shoham, 1993). It is in this aspect that one can observe the oedipal complex that Freud has included in his Stages of Development theory as it demonstrates the lack of attention and love that Bert wanted from his father (Shoham, 1993). Bert’s unresolved intimacy issues from both his parents compelled him to project this in an unhealthy lifestyle through alcohol and a string of criminal records. In defense of the two conspirators, Bert might have felt a sense of belongingness in their company since they understood his situation more than anyone, which is why he was adamant to not cooperate with the law enforcers (Shoham, 1993). Bert’s yearning to successfully reform may be hampered by his own moral perceptions as he is not able to grasp the consequences his actions have merited him. While he is affected by what happens with his wife and two children, he cannot instinctively change his ways without going through therapy or some form of rehabilitation to straighten his ways. Bert’s situation could have been easily avoided if he has learned to act on his own. Since his lack of education poses a hindrance to the development of his being, one could suggest that individuals like Bert who are frequently law breakers should be also be subjected to an education in their correction facilities aside from the terms that they serve (Kline, 1987). According to Lester and Van Voorhis’ book â€Å"Psychoanalytic therapy†, criminal convicts like Bert should not be subjected to environments that derail their development. Since most these convicts are not well-equipped with the right attitude to stay off the streets, correctional facilities should be able to provide such services that will be able to aid them to commit to reformation. Support from family and close friends should also be encouraged though for most of these convicts, it would seem quite difficult as most of them don’t have a strong support base (p. 122). From Kline’s book â€Å"Psychoanalysis and crime†, it has been suggested that creating a viable environment for these convicts when they got out is necessary as that will sustain their progress for development and would make them not want to seek the confines of the prison walls as they will be able to feel part of the society again. This entails releasing them in an environment where temptations would not abound and provide them with jobs that does not degrade their sense of being (p. 60). Analyzing Bert’s case in the psychoanalytic perspective has provided grounds on in which correctional facilities should be able to help convicts to maintain a reformed life.

Childrens Television Drama Essays

Childrens Television Drama Essays Childrens Television Drama Essay Childrens Television Drama Essay Q1 What meanings are conveyed to the audience through the visual signs used in your programs? The programs I am analysing are Byker Grove and Shoebox Zoo. They are both aimed at younger children, this is there targeted audicence this is evident in Byker Groves opening sequence, as it has many vibrant colours such as yellow and red which connates the light heartedness and the innocence of the show, it is also very fast paced and energetic. However in the opening sequence of Shoebox Zoo it is different, the colours that are used are mainly dark reds connating the danger and the more seriousness of the drama. The sequence also implies that they are on some kind of quest. There is also a white light glow around one of the characters, which usually connotes that they are good and of some importance. The camera work that is used in the opening sequence of Shoebox Zoo has many slow motions and is shot mid shot, this connates the emotion of the characters the soft focus also amplifies this fact of emotion. At the end of this sequence is there is an old, medieval font, it is very magi cal and fits the quest storyline and the genre well. In the Byker Grove opening sequence the font that is used is a graphiti type of font which connates the childish side of the show. The first sequence of Byker Grove is set in the Grove, which is in essence is there youth club. The lighting in this first scene has a very naturalistic lighting to it, the decorations in the youth club are vivid and vibrant with bright reds and yellows again conveying the happiness of the show. The fist sequence in Shoebox Zoo Marnie and her Father are driving in the car and it is a dull day, with greys and dark colours being used, which again amplifies the seriousness of the show. In another scene they are all sat round a camp fire at night, the camera cuts to the sky, which shows the moving grey clouds which shows the danger of the scene, and it comes across as scary. In Byker Grove there is a scene where there is a child arguing with another, the camera shots are quite close to the two, then one of the childs throws a drink at the other, and the camera sharply zooms into the stain and then a close-up shot of the childs face, who is not pleased, this sort of camera work is a very basic way to show the anger of the child, this basic way is used extensivly as it is simple and easy for the children to get the idea of the scene. This fast paced switching between characters is used again in Byker Grove, in this scene we have to children and they have just eaten a meal, but cannot pay for it, so what we have is them arguing between themselves as to who pays for it, the camera goes backwards and forwards to each characters in a fast moving, fast paced way, and this shows the panic of the two very well. On Shoebox Zoo there is a scene where they are camping in a tent at night, the lighting is very dark and there is wind and rain outside connatating the disturbing atmosphere of the scene. Shoebox Zoo unlike Byker Grove uses a lot of animation, both for its characters and its intro. The animated characters add a kind of mystical, dreamlike side to the story, as the characters are very magical and unreal and fit this certain genre very well.It is also very sterotypical of a child with the dreamlike attributes of a child having these animated charecters is very beneficial to the story. And containing these character s is a very good way of enhancing the excitement of the journey which they are on. Q2 What important representations are there in your texts? Give reasons for your answers In Shoe Box Zoo one of the main characters is Professor Toledo. He is the evil villain within the story and is represented as a dark and dangerous shape shifter.The sterotype of an evil villain in a childrens drama is a old usually wearing black and often strange in appearance man. Toledo is not the stereotypical villain, looking at what he wears, a white cloak and gown, it comes apparent that these clothes do not conform to the usually bad guy image. There is a reason for this as he was once good, hence the white cloak but is now fallen evil. The white cloak also connotes a kind of magical and wizard like person which fits in perfectly with the story.It is however clear that he is the villian, this is clear in the way he speaks and the anger he puts across on screen towards the other charecters.The generic element of the good VS evil is clearly evident in this drama, with Toledo being the villian with his menacing ways and the hero being a young inecent girl that the children can ea sily relate too. Toledos body language suggest he is a powerful character with upright composure and his commanding presents, he also uses his hands a lot to express his feelings, and he often looks down towards an other character McTaggart, his servent. The way Toledo speaks and his use of language is very menacing, representing the evilness he brings to the story, he uses various words and speaks them quick and hard which also represents his power as a villain. In one scene Toledo is giving orders to McTaggart however he refuses to carry out the orders and McTaggart then walks away, suddenly Toledo appears from no-where and McTaggart then sees his power and accepts his order, we the audience are suppose to feel afraid and the power of Toledo as McTaggart feels. In Byker grove there is a character called Bradley, he is a lively teenager with a slightly annoying personality. If we take a look at what he wears its clear that he is represented as an individual in contrast to his peers and deffiantly a leader with the other charecters being the follwers of him.He wears a smart Tee shirt under a Blazer and casual trousers. In comparison to the other teenagers in the show who wear baggy jeans and Tee Shirts. The conations of his Blazer are that he is quite business like and more mature than the rest of the teenagers. His body language can be overwhelming, one instance of this is when there are two adult youth club workers ideologically of higher importance than him are sat down and he stands up and seems to overshadow them, and comes across as a figure of authority. The way Bradley speaks and his certain tone of voice suggest it is possible that he is a homosexual, which later comes apparent in the episode. The way the camera pans to Bradley and t he frequency implies that he is of greater importance than the other characters. When watching Byker Grove it is obvious that he is one of the main characters in this series and he is represented to that of a father figure, if the teenagers have problems they consult Bradley.

The Invention of American Agriculture in Tehuacan Valley

The Invention of American Agriculture in Tehuacan Valley The Tehuacn Valley, or more precisely the Tehuacn-Cuicatln valley, is located in southeastern Puebla state and northwestern Oaxaca state in central Mexico. It is the southernmost arid area of Mexico, its aridity caused by the rain shadow of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range. Annual mean temperature averages 21 degrees C (70 F) and rainfall 400 millimeters (16 inches). In the 1960s, the Tehuacn Valley was the focus of a large-scale survey called the Tehuacn Project, led by American archaeologist Richard S. MacNeish. MacNeish and his team were looking for the Late Archaic origins of maize. The valley was selected because of its climate and its high level of biological diversity (more on that later). MacNeishs large, multi-discipline project identified nearly 500 cave and open-air sites, including the 10,000-year-long, occupied San Marcos, Purron, and Coxcatln caves. Extensive excavations in the valleys caves, particularly Coxcatln Cave, led to the discovery of the earliest appearance at the time of several important American plant domesticates: not just maize, but bottle gourd, squash, and beans. Excavations recovered over 100,000 plant remains, as well as other artifacts. Coxcatln Cave Coxcatln Cave is a rock shelter that was occupied by humans for nearly 10,000 years. Identified by MacNeish during his survey in the 1960s, the cave includes an area of about 240 square meters (2,600 square feet) beneath a rock overhang about 30 meters (100 feet) long by 8 m (26 ft) deep. Large-scale excavations conducted by MacNeish and colleagues included about 150 sqm (1600 sq ft) of that horizontal range and vertically down to the bedrock of the cave, some 2-3 m (6.5-10 ft) or more to bedrock. Excavations at the site identified at least 42 discrete occupation levels, within that 2-3 m of sediment. Features identified at the site include hearths, cache pits, ash scatters, and organic deposits. The documented occupations varied considerably in terms of size, seasonal duration, and number and variety of artifacts and activity areas. Most importantly, the earliest dates on domesticated forms of squash, beans and maize were identified within Coxcatlns cultural levels. And the process of domestication was in evidence as well- especially in terms of maize cobs, which are documented here as growing larger and with an increased number of rows over time. Dating Coxcatln Comparative analysis grouped the 42 occupations into 28 habitation zones and seven cultural phases. Unfortunately, conventional radiocarbon dates on organic materials (like carbon and wood) within the cultural phases were not consistent within the phases or zones. That was likely the result of vertical displacement by human activities such pit-digging, or by rodent or insect disturbance called bioturbation. Bioturbation is a common issue in cave deposits and indeed many archaeological sites. However, the recognized mixing led to an extensive controversy during the 1970s and 1980s, with several scholars raising doubts about the validity of the dates for the first maize, squash, and beans. By the late 1980s, AMS radiocarbon methodologies which allow for smaller samples were available and the plant remains themselves- seeds, cobs, and rindscould be dated. The following table lists the calibrated dates for the earliest direct-dated examples recovered from Coxcatln cave. Cucurbita argyrosperma (cushaw gourd) 115 cal BCPhaseolus vulgaris (common bean) cal 380 BCZea mays (maize) 3540 cal BCLagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) 5250 BCCucurbita pepo (pumpkins, zucchini) 5960 BC A DNA study (Janzen and Hubbard 2016) of a cob from Tehuacan dated to 5310 cal BP found that the cob was genetically closer to modern maize than to its wild progenitor teosinte, suggesting that maize domestication was well underway before Coxcatlan was occupied. Tehuacn-Cuicatln Valley Ethnobotany One of the reasons MacNeish selected the Tehuacn valley is because of its level of biological diversity: a high diversity is a common characteristic of places where first domestications are documented. In the 21st century, the Tehuacn-Cuicatln valley has been the focus of extensive ethnobotanical studies- ethnobotanists are interested in how people use and manage plants. These studies reveal the valley has the highest biological diversity of all the arid zones in North America, as well as one of the richest areas in Mexico for ethnobiological knowledge. One study (Davila and colleagues 2002) recorded over 2,700 species of flowering plants within an area of approximately 10,000 square kilometers (3,800 square miles). The valley also has a high human cultural diversity, with Nahua, Popoloca, Mazatec, Chinantec, Ixcatec, Cuicatec, and Mixtec groups together accounting for 30% of the total population. Local people have amassed an immense amount of traditional knowledge including the names, uses, and ecological information on nearly 1,600 plant species. They also practice a variety of agricultural and silviculture techniques including the care, management, and preservation of nearly 120 native plant species. In Situ and Ex Situ Plant Management The ethnobotanists studies documented local practices in habitats where the plants naturally occur, called in situ management techniques: Tolerance, where useful wild plants are left standingEnhancement, activities that increase the plant population density and availability of useful plant speciesProtection, actions which favor permanence of particular plants through care Ex situ management practiced in Tehuacan involves seed sowing, planting of vegetative propagules and transplanting of entire plants from their natural habitats into managed areas such as agricultural systems or home-gardens. Sources Blancas J, Casas A, Lira R, and Caballero J. 2009. Traditional Management and Morphological Patterns of Myrtillocactus schenckii (Cactaceae) in the Tehuacn Valley, Central Mexico. Economic Botany 63(4):375-387.Blancas J, Casas A, Rangel-Landa S, Moreno-Calles A, Torres I, Pà ©rez-Negrà ³n E, Solà ­s L, Delgado-Lemus A, Parra F, Arellanes Y et al. 2010. Plant Management in the Tehuacn-Cuicatln Valley, Mexico. Economic Botany 64(4):287-302.Dvila P, Arizmendi MDC, Valiente-Banuet A, Villaseà ±or JL, Casas A, and Lira R. 2002. Biological diversity in the Tehuacn-Cuicatln Valley, Mexico. Biodiversity Conservation 11(3):421-442.Farnsworth P, Brady JE, DeNiro MJ, and MacNeish RS. 1985. A re-evaluation of the isotopic and archaeological reconstructions of diet in the Tehuacan Valley. American Antiquity 50(1):102-116.Flannery KV, and MacNeish RS. 1997. In defense of the Tehuacn project. Current Anthropology 38(4):660-672.Fritz GJ. 1994. Are the first American farmers getting younger? Cur rent Anthropology 35(1):305-309. Gumerman GJ, and Neely JA. 1972. An Archaeological Survey of the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico: A Test of Color Infrared Photography. American Antiquity 37(4):520-527.Janzen GM, and Hufford MB. 2016. Crop Domestication: A Sneak-Peek into the Midpoint of Maize Evolution. Current Biology 26(23):R1240-R1242.Long A, Benz BF, Donahue DJ, Jull AJT, and Toolin LJ. 1989. First Direct AMS Dates on Early Maize From Tehuacan, Mexico. Radiocarbon 31(3):1035-1040.Long A, and Fritz GJ. 2001. Validity of AMS dates on maize from the Tehuacn Valley: A comment on MacNeish and Eubanks. Latin American Antiquity 12(1):87-90.MacNeish RS, and Eubanks MW. 2000. Comparative analysis of the Rio Balsas and Tehuacn models for the origin of maize. Latin American Antiquity 11(1):3-20.Smith BD. 2005. Reassessing Coxcatln Cave and the early history of domesticated plants in Mesoamerica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(27):9438-9445.

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Business Law - Essay Example this instance, the concept of unilateral and mutual mistakes under the Restatement (Second) of Contracts can be made use of by both the buyer and the seller. It is evident that, either both the parties made a mistake with regard to the value of the rock, or one of them (the owner through his inexperienced clerk) had made one. It is not clear in this instance whether the geologist had intentionally withheld his understanding of the rock’s value. But since the person (geologist) handed over the rock to experts for valuation, he may not be an expert and it can be assumed that it is a case of mutual mistakes. As per the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, â€Å"Where a mistake of both parties at the time of contract was made as to a basic assumption on which the contract was made has a material effect on the agreed exchange of performances, the contract is voidable by the adversely affected party unless he bears the risk of the mistake under the rule stated in 154† (Ayers, n .d.). It cannot be done in case of unilateral mistake. If it can be proved by the store owner that the geologist also made a mistake in assessing the value, he can make the contract voidable. But the geologist can take recourse to Section 154 mentioned above. Applying clause (b) of the section, the store owner had only limited knowledge about the stone and gave it to the geologist in the premise that he will have fairly good knowledge because of his professional qualifications. It is difficult to prove whether a person has limited or full knowledge of a product being exchanged in a contract. The store owner showed that he had limited knowledge, but not the geologist. In this instance there is every chance that the geologist may get full legal ownership of the stone. Since an employee is an agent of the employer, it does not matter whether the deal was done by the former. The choice of using the unconscionability clause is open to the store owner, but it is doubtful whether it can ov erride the

Organization Diversification Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization Diversification - Case Study Example Besix is one of the oldest construction companies and on the verge of completing its 100th year of operation as it was founded in 1909. Ever since then, it has through the above four factors impressively become the largest construction company of Belgium and diversified into almost every field related to construction projects nationally and world-wide. As a Group, Besix employs in excess of 12,000 people in its diversified operations and in the year 2005, its annual turnover was reported at an approximate figure of Euros 1 billion. With Besix's management's planning, organizing and controlling experience that it has gained through its years of construction related work, it has been able to internationally diversify primarily in construction, engineering and development of properties. The Group intends to become a leading player that will serve the Western and Central European markets from Belgium and the Middle East market from Dubai in the United Arab Emirates where it has expanded its construction business since 1967 and become among the region's top most contractors. Each of these subsidies is independently registered where they operate to meet the regulatory law of the countries where they carry out their business again independently but under a hierarchal order which eventually reports to t

Theater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Theater - Essay Example In addition, the scene where the daughter of Lear, Cordelia dies is still engraved in my mind (National Theatre Live, n.d.). When the film with the same screenplay on silver screen is being compared with that of the play on theatre one could really find that, it did not appeal the minds as the live play did. Actually, the most important dynamics of a live theatre is the relative aspect of the theatre. It is through this relative aspect that audiences are able to watch the actors cry, laugh, run before their eyes but does not transport the audiences into a utopian land. On the contrary, the audiences are able to form a strong discourse, which relates the awareness of the audiences watching live actors performing on stage with the impromptu performance of the actors of the live theatre (Live Theatre, 2014). Notably, there is a huge scope to display and develop a vivid spectacle and visual panorama on stage through music, light, sound, stagecraft and most importantly, through the live performance of the actors. The experience of a live theatre is always spectacular (Reason, 2004). Correspondingly, as I strongly believe with my experience, an important facet is its relative aspect, which could be attained in live theatres through the liveliness of the performing

Democracy Is The Worst Form Of Government Politics Essay

Democracy Is The Worst Form Of Government Politics Essay Democracy is a strong and emotive concept. It has sparked debate and discussion since its first inception in ancient Greece, right through to its modern conception of western liberal democracy. Today, it has become the predominant form of government around the world, and, indeed, countries go to war to defend the values and principles that it enshrines. Huntington defined democracy as involving two dimensions: contestation and participation, and that it implies the existence of those civil and political freedoms to speak, publish, assemble and organise that are necessary for political debate (1991, p. 7). There are, of course, problems peculiar to democracy; however, do these problems warrant the description of democracy as being the least worst option? Perhaps one of the most prevalent criticisms of democracy is that it can lead to ineffectual government. When Aristotle first established typologies and started to categorise political systems, he considered democracy to be a perverted form of rule by many. This idea of the masses being unfit to govern is still evident in Britain up until 1862, and perhaps even 1928 when universal suffrage was introduced. There are still free market economists up to this day, such as Milton Friedman, who believe that democracy produces inefficient economic systems. They argue that in order to create effective economies, governments need to make what are generally considered to be deeply unpopular decisions such as mass privatization, de-regulation and removing workers rights; particularly relevant at this time of economic austerity. This is an example of the governing paradox (Flinders, 2010, p. 311). In part this is due to what they see as an inherent contradiction between Capitalism and Democracy that as economic agents, people are expected to act in their own self-interest, whereas, when it comes to casting their ballot, they are expected to act in the interest of the society as a whole. However, democratic countries tend to be more prosperous (Dahl, 1998, p. 58). India, for example, the worlds largest democracy, grew by 5.5% in the first quarter of 2012. In more general terms, the West predominantly America and Europe consist of the most developed economies in the world, the overwhelming majority of which are democracies. Increasingly, there have been those who have argued that democratic national governments have become ineffective in the face of globalisation. Democracy has spread around the world, in a development that Fukuyama referred to as the end of history, but now, as Gilbert (2009) argues; this is being undermined by the process of globalisation. Indeed, there is now a structural crisis in Democracy (Ghali, 2009), where the need for governance is stretching beyond states. Indeed, national legislatures are increasingly impotent (Gilbert, 2009). Thus we see ineffective global governance, and there are concerns over how democratic any solution can be. Is it feasible to consider democratically elected global institutions? Or should we consign ourselves to the economic oversight of appointed economists at the World Bank and the IMF? The solution lies not with Gilberts radical devolutionary ideas, but rather with the case put forward by Ghali for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (2009). We cannot answer the problem that globalisation poses by shrinking away from it, we must embrace it and accept that global democratic oversight is becoming increasingly necessary. The globalisation of democracy, on the other hand, has brought benefits. Namely, that it has brought peace (Dahl, 1998). Since the Second World War, there have been few wars between democratic countries. This is because democracies are built on the basis of rational debate and discussion that tends to limit aggression. Although, there is an argument to be made that this era of peace between democracies owes itself more to free trade, and market economies rather than democracy itself. Nevertheless, there is a correlation between democracies and peace. However, we should not defend democracy on the benefits that it happens to bring about. A defence of democracy must come from first principles, that it is intrinsically good. Democracy is fundamentally a pluralist system of power distribution, in that it diffuses power among many different competing groups albeit perhaps not equally. Thus, democracy achieves a greater level of political equality amongst citizens than any alternative (Dahl, 1998) reflecting the fundamental belief that all humans are born equal, and that consent for governance must be derived from the governed. Moreover, this allows individuals to protect their own interests. Human nature dictates that we all desire some control over our needs and wants, and J.S. Mill stated that this, the ability to protect ones own interests, protects us from evil at the hands of others. This competition between different groups within society is what protects democracies from authoritarianism. In short: difference is good (Flinders, 2010). Debate and discussion, the exercise of the right to freedom of speech, are the pillars upon which democracy is built. Furthermore, democracy is inherently a system of rights (Dahl, 1998, p. 48). Democracies, by definition, grant basic political and civil rights to its citizens, so that they may participate fully in the democratic process. In order for citizens to participate, to hear the voice of the people, it must therefore be necessary to grant them the right to freedom of assembly that would not be granted within an authoritarian or totalitarian regime. Enshrined in democracy is the belief in equality, and thus, establishing and enforcing rights gives that greater degree of equality than any non-democratic alternative. Moreover, granting these rights protects minority groups from persecution and allows them to protect their interests, as written previously. The society we live in has evolved so much over the generations. Society is no longer as homogenous it once was, it is increasingly made up of heterogeneous (Flinders, 2010) groups all of which represent different and varied interests, all of which must be to a greater, or lesser extent, r espected. Otherwise, we commit ourselves to rule by an elite, a select few who determine their interests are above those of all others. And therein lies democracys intrinsic goodness. It enshrines several principles: political equality, that all citizens should have an equal say in who governs them; guaranteed and enforced political and civil rights that allow citizens to be a part of the democratic process and to protect the rights of minorities. These rights and freedoms therefore allow citizens to preserve their own interests, and to protect themselves from persecution. Of course, democracy has its problems. There will always be problems, but the idea that power should be spread, albeit unevenly, amongst citizens and not concentrated in an elite is perhaps one of the most noble. Maybe this is why Winston Churchill, an aristocrat, treated democracy with such revulsion.

why read the books :: essays research papers

It has now become clear that Italo Calvino will prove to be one of this century's major writers. In recent years, his work has been established alongside such pan-European thinkers as Barthes and Eco, particularly in the sense that his interests are polymathic. Calvino is an essayist, a literary theorist, a writer of fiction and, to a large extent, a visionary. Paradoxically, much of the modernity he has explored in his narratives has its roots in the simplicity of folk tales, and his own short fiction has the elemental power of myth and allegory. In these essays, however, we have a kind of summation of all this, albeit in a piecemeal form. By this I mean that within this large collection of literary essays, Italo Calvino mixes critical judgement with literary history, and reflections on the writer's art with sheer readerly enthusiasm. This powerful mix is the result of his assembling a personal 'canon' of texts, and in that sense some of his choices reflect that idiosyncrasy which all readers have: personal passions, a taste in obscure writers; and, a few absolute favourites which have clearly inspired his own creativity. In the dimension of personal taste, the leaders are Dickens in Our Mutual Friend, Stendhal and Dante, but there are many more, and after an initial essay which tries to establish what a classic is, the essays range from classical to modern texts, not always in terms of accepted classical status. Some of the writers discussed may even merit being rediscovered. In fact, Signor Calvino is such a good critic that he sneaks in brief chatty references and even fragments of autobiography before we realise it. The case of Hemingway shows this for instance: 'There was a time for me when - and for many others, those who are more or less my contemporaries - Hemingway was a god.' The essay then proceeds to show Hemingway's appeal as well as his limitations. The book's title is something of a misnomer in this respect, because the question is tackled directly in the first essay. Then a certain enquiry about the nature of a 'classic' is assumed as the author proceeds to explain the gamut of literary achievement in virtually every prominent form. However, the defining essay does lead to the interesting proposition that 'A classic is a work which persists as background noise even when a present that is totally incompatible with it holds sway.

Organizing and Controlling are Related Essay

Functions of management consist of organizing, planning, controlling, staffing, delegation and leading. (Koontz & Weihrich, 2000). These functions work together simultaneously as one can assist in the functioning of the other hence all managerial functions are important for the function. By this the opinion is that the function of organizing and controlling are related. These functions are implemented in the same direction. In order to show the relation between organizing and controlling, it is important to look into the functions of both of them. Organizing function comes into play when people work together in groups to achieve goals. They must have roles that they play. These roles are developed by people, are defined and structured by the organization to make sure what is contributed is a group effort. What workers do has a definite purpose and they know how their job objective fits into group effort hence the organization gives their authority, tools, information to accomplish the task. Organizing is that part of managing that involves establishing a structure of roles for people to fill in an organization. The purpose of an organization structure is to help in creating an environment for human performance. (Gareth, 2003). A structure will define the tasks to be done, the role established looking at abilities and motivation of the people available. The organization structure make it easy for managers to organize workers’ activities hence it will be easy to control them as each one know the role they should play, which makes supervision of work less, which saves time as well as resources of the organization. By organizing, the organizations must identity and clarify required activities, group activities necessary to attain objective, assign each group to a manager with authority necessary to supervise it and provision for coordination on the same level and among departments in the organization structure, which make controlling of activities manageable. Organization structure should clearly state who is to do what tasks and who is responsible for what results to eliminate difficulties while exercising control function because difficulties can be caused by confusions and uncertainty of assignment. The structure must reflect objectives and plans because activities come from them. It must also reflect the authority available to an enterprise management. It must be designed to work to permit contributions by members of a group and to assist people gain objectives effectively in the future, which is changing. An organization is staffed with people, the groupings of activities and the authority relationships of an organization structure must take into account people’s limitations and customs to be able to control their roles so as to know if the organization goals are being achieved. The organization process consists of establishing enterprise objectives, formulating supporting objectives, policies and plans, which are of planning. Also identifying and classifying the activities necessary to accomplish these, grouping activities in the light of the human and material resources available and the best way, under the circumstances, of using them, delegating to the head of each group the authority necessary to perform the activities and tying the groups together horizontally and vertically through authority relationships and information flows. Koontz & Weihrich, 2000). The span of management is influenced in two ways, narrow span where a great deal of time is spent with subordinates, which is related to little training, inadequate authority delegation, unclear plan of non-repetitive operations, fast changes in external and internal environment, complex task, use of poor communication techniques, ineffective meeting. (Black & Porter, 2000). The wide span is where little time is spent with subordinates and is related to thorough subordinate training, clear delegation to undertake well-defined tasks, well defined plans for repetitive operations and slow changes in external and internal environment, simple task and effective meetings. If the organization wants to use the controlling function effectively, it can use the wide span management. Delegation of authority, if it is poor, it will affect the span of management due to unclear authority hence organizing can be difficult, which can make the controlling function difficult as they function simultaneously. If a manager delegates authority clearly for a task to be undertaken, a well trained subordinate can get it done with the manager little supervision, but if the task is not clearly defined, then the subordinate does not have the authority to undertake it, which can lead to the staff not doing it and hence the manager spending a lot of time supervising it. Staffing is done by identifying workforce requirements, getting the required people who are available and recruiting them, selecting, placing, appraising, compensation, planning the careers and training. (Preble, 1992). If staffing is done effectively, the candidates will be developed as the current jobholders to be able to accomplish their tasks effectively and efficiently. If the candidates are given the right roles hence it will be through controlling that managers compare actual performance against goals, identify any significant deviations and take necessary corrective action. Leading assists in influencing people so that they contribute to organization and group goals. Managers can say that their problems arise from people, their desire, attitude, and behavior. (Robbins & Coulter, 2002). Since leadership implies followers hip and people tend to follow those who offer a mean of satisfying their own needs, wishes and desires. Leading involves motivation, leadership styles and communication. With no effective leading in an organization it can be very difficult to organize the employees and this will affect the controlling function as reports, statement produced to access control might have mistakes. Planning involves selecting mission and objectives and the actions to achieve them. It requires decision-making that is, choosing future causes of action from among alternatives. Jones & George, 2003). Plans range from plans of overall purposes and objectives to the most detailed action to be taken. Before a decision is made, only what exists is a plan study or a proposal not a real plan. Controlling activity relate to the measurement of achievement. Some mean of controlling like the budget, inspection records, each measure and show whether plans are working out making organizing easy. Compelling events to confirm to plans means locating the persons who are responsible for results to differ from planned action and taking necessary step to improve performance. These results are controlled by what people do. Control is where performance is measured and corrective action is taken to ensure the accomplishment of organization goals. Control also coordinates various activities, decision-making related to planning and organizing activities and information from directing and evaluating each worker’s performance. Control is concerned with records, reports, organizational progress toward aims as well as effective use of resources. Control uses evaluation and regulation. These reports are what assist in assigning roles to employees. Control uses evaluation and regulation. It can be separated into mechanical and sociological elements. There are three stages of control. The mechanical elements are predetermined definition of standards for a level of performance; measurement of current performance against the standards and corrective action when indicated is the sociological element. If an organization uses the three stages of control, it will have a flexible organization structure. The best approach of control will contain time, a high degree of mutual support, open and authentic communication, clear understanding of objective, utilization of resources and a supportive environment. These approaches will lead to conflict resolution, charged beliefs and attitudes, genuine innovation, commitment, strong management and prevention of consequence of control, which were unintended. A good control system has the following characteristics; it must reflect the nature of the activity, should report errors promptly, should be forward looking, it should point out exceptions at critical points, should be objective, flexible, reflect the organization pattern, economical, understanding and should indicate corrective action. With these conditions adhered to, it will be fast to organize people in the organization so as to meet the organization goals. Controlling mechanisms include procedures, evaluating devices, reports, inspection, audits, which all require planning and organizing hence the function must be performed simultaneously. For controlling to occur, there must be directing. All functions of management go together as if one of the functions lacks or does not follow the proper channel then the organization goals can fail to be achieved. Control can be used as a management tool to measure the degree to which predetermined goals are achieved and of applying necessary corrective actions to improve performance, policies, and procedure as standards. Among the controls are rules that are needed to let employees know what is expected of them and how functions are coordinated. Self-control includes being up to date in knowledge, giving clear orders, being flexible, helping others improve increasing problem solving skill, being able to handle pressure and planning ahead. Delegation is often viewed as a major means of influence and therefore, it can be grouped as an activity in leading rather than controlling. Delegation include assigning responsibility to an employee to complete a task granting the employee sufficient authority to gain the resource to do the task and letting the employee decide how that task will be carried out. This will make the organization decide which goals to pursue and course of action to adopt so as to attain the organization goals and how to allocate organization resources to attain those goals. Once the organization has established goals and associated strategies, funds are set aside for the resources and labor to the accomplishment of goals and tasks. As the money is spent, how it was spent and what it obtained. Review of financial statements is one of the more common methods to monitor the progress of programs and plans. In the organizing process, the key issue in accomplishing the goals identified in the planning process is structuring the work of the organization. The purpose of the organizing function is to make the best use of the organization’s resources to achieve organizational goals. Organizational structure is the formal decision-making framework by which job tasks are grouped and coordinated. The organizing function deals with all those activities that result in the formal assignment of tasks and authority and a coordination of effort. The supervisor staffs the work units, trains employees, secures resources and empowers the work group into a productive team. The first step in the organizing process is departmentalization. Once jobs have been classified through work specialization, they are grouped into manageable units and can be controlled. An organization chart displays the organization structure and shows job titles, lines of authority and relationships between departments. The nature and scope of the work needed to accomplish the organization goals needed to determine work classification and work unit design, so as to have control. Work process requirements and employee skill level determine the degree of specialization. Placing capable people in each job ties directly with productivity improvement. In order to maximize productivity, the organization must have the required resources and be able to control its expenditure by auditing its reports. Supervisors must match employee skill levels with task requirement to achieve organization goals. Teamwork is achievable if people can work together cooperatively and effective if they know the part they are to play in the team activity and the way their roles relate to each other hence making the control function attainable. By designing and maintaining these systems of roles is organizing. Koontz, 1958). The effort spent on improving predictions and forecasts are spent on increasing control, learning not only will the need for predicting and forecast be reduced, but managers’ ability to get what they want to increase. By organizing managers can design and create an organization structure, which is flexible to enable the function of control to be handled properly. Control aspects are emphasized on the basis of observation of the control process in terms of feedback or adaptive control. (Hitt & Mathis, 1986). Feedback is always introduced as one of the controlling functions, hence managers encourage that the feedback system be used a lot in the organization so as to know which organization goals have been achieved. Feedback is a type of control that takes place after a work activity is done. Managers can implement controls before an activity begins and after the activity has been completed. In order to measure whether plans of the organizations are being followed it is necessary for managers to compare planned performance with actual performance. (Ishikawa & Smith, 1972). Feedback can be used to give information in this area, as it is the forward and backward flow of information hence the supervisor will be able to know how the performance of a certain employee is. This will enable the supervisor check on the targets he sets for the employees if they have all been achieved or if they have been partly achieved and see the gap created. (Dixon, 2003). The actual performance and the planned performance show the gap. This will make it easy for the organization to determine which employees require training so as to get more skills and by this the organization will eliminate the gap. Plans cannot be effective unless managers monitor how well planned actions are matching actual achievements as implementation processes. Therefore, plans should not be just laid aside while being on the process or even after being decided on. Managers are responsible not only for making plans for the organizational goal but also for watching the plans to the end. Hence, to make sure that plans are organized the control function has to be effective to make sure that organization goals are achieved. If managers do not control, they would have no way of knowing whether their goals and plans were on target and what future actions to take. The plan can be meaningless if it did not help to accomplish the organizational goals. This can be avoided by controlling because the manager organizes and compares the actual performance against the goals, identify any significant deviations and take any necessary corrective action. Controlling provides the answers to whether or not the current performance of the organization should be continued or what corrections might be needed to make the performance satisfactory. Controlling cannot be implemented unless there is some resource hence the organization should have a structure, which takes this into consideration. There must be some organization and control on how resources will be allocated. Without an organization goal, no management functions can be put into practice. If the manager does not know which direction the company is going, they cannot choose what course of action to take hence controlling will be difficult. It seems that controlling is regarded as looking back considering the main role of controlling, which are feedback and monitoring. Managers can put controls when an activity begins. If the actual performance of employees in an organization is not as expected then plans and goals have to be set so that they are put in the right way. For control to work if the plans put in place by the organization are going in the wrong directions the manager needs to indicate the problem and also suggest how to solve it. The manager should also explain how the plan should be proceeded and guide toward the right direction. This will make it easy for the person organizing activities of the workers as workers will be given the roles they are able to achieve hence making organization goals attainable. The main role of planning is choosing appropriate goals and courses of action and controlling is monitoring systems to evaluate how well the organization has achieved its goal. Planning process steps include deciding which goals the organization will pursue, deciding what courses of actions to adopt to attain these goals and deciding how to allocate organization resources to attain these goals. Considering that organizing process looks at accomplishing goals identified in the planning process it will be good for an organization to evaluate the performance of employees so as to check if the goals are being attainable and if they do not look attainable performance assessment should be carried out as well as regulation of other activities, which can be time consumed due to lack of skills by the employees should be eliminated. In conclusion if managers are keen on the organization structure that the organization adopts be it flat, tall, product, geographical to make sure that the one implemented caters for the organization goals as well as objectives. The control function can be used to generate reports and audits will be done effectively in less time. This shows that control and organizing function has to work parallel for the effective achievement of organization goals.