Aphrodisiac Activity of Vigna Mungo Seeds

Aphrodisiac Activity of Vigna Mungo Seeds Pharmacological Evalution of The Potential Aphrodisiac Activity of Methanolic and Chloroform Extracts of Vigna mungo Seeds in Male Albino Rats Ravindra Babu Sajja, Eknath Royal P, Suneetha B, Sunanda S ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to investigate the aphrodisiac activity of methanolic and chloroform extracts of seeds of Vigna mungo (MEVM and CEVM) in male albino rats. The aphrodisiac activity of MEVM and CEVM wasevaluated by observing sexual behavioral parameters including Mount frequency (MF), Mount latency (ML), Ejaculatory latency (EL), Intromission latency (IL), Intromission frequency (IF), Ejaculation frequency (EF) and Post ejaculatory interval (PEI) and biochemical parameter like serum testosterone concentration in male rats. Both extracts were administered orally at doses of 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, showed a significant increase (P Vigna mungo. Keywords: Vigna mungo, Aphrodisiac, Flavonoids, Testosterone, Sexual behavior INTRODUCTION Male infertility is a world-wide medical and social problem. In Homo sapiens, reproduction is initiated by the mating of a male with a female in sexual intercourse which facilitates the coming together of sperm and egg for the purpose of fertilization1. For there to be a normal sexual intercourse and sexual fulfillment in males, the male sexual organs (the copulatory organ, the penis) and factors relating to erection must function normally. Inability to perform this function effectively is a major problem facing the reproductive process. This is known as sexual dysfunction2.This condition which is of various types can be managed by the use of aphrodisiacs. An aphrodisiac can therefore be described as any substance that enhances sex drive or sexual pleasure. Aphrodisiac can also be viewed as any food, drug, scent or device that can arouse or increase sexual drive or libido3. Sexual dysfunction in men refers to repeated inability to achieve normal sexual intercourse. It can also be viewed as disorders that interfere with a full sexual response cycle. These disorders make it difficult for a person to enjoy or to have sexual intercourse. While sexual dysfunction rarely threatens physical health, it can take a heavy psychological toll, bringing on depression, anxiety, and debilitating feelings of inadequacy. Unfortunately, it is a problem often neglected by the health care team who strive more with the technical and more medically manageable aspects of the patient’s illness4.Sexual dysfunction is more prevalent in males than in females, It has been discovered that men between 17 and 96 years old could suffer sexual dysfunction as a result of psychological or physical health problems5. Male sexual dysfunction (MSD) could be caused by various factors. These include: psychological disorders (anxiety, strained relationship, depression, stress and guilt), androgen deficiencies (testosterone deficiency), chronic medical conditions (diabetes, hypertension, vascular insufficiency (atherosclerosis, venous leakage), neurological disorders (Parkinson’s disease, stroke, cerebral trauma, Alzheimer’s spinal cord or nerve injury), drugs (side effects) (anti-hypertensive’s, central agents, psychiatric medications, antiulcer, antidepressants, and anti-androgens), life style (chronic alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking), aging (decrease in hormonal level with age) and systemic diseases (cardiac, hepatic, renal pulmonary, cancer, metabolic, post-organ transplant)2,6,7. Vigna mungo most commonly known as Black gram or urad is an erect, fast-growing annual, herbaceous legume grows in many parts of India. It is extensively cultivated all over the India. The seeds are emollient, astringent, thermogenic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, nutritious, galactogauge, appetizer, laxative, styptic and nervine tonic. They are useful in treating scabies, leucoderma, gonorrhea, pains, epistaxis, piles, asthma, heart trouble, dyspepsia, anorexia, constipation, haemorrhoids, hepatopathy, neuropathy, schizophrenia, hysteria, nervous debility, partial paralysis, facial paralysis and weakness of memory. Seeds are believed as spermatopoetic, and used for treating erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation8-11. In this regard, we undertook the present study on Vigna mungo which has been in use by the traditional healers. So far there is no systemic pharmacological study were carried out to investigate the aphrodisiac activity of vigna mungo seeds in male rats. Hence, the present study was aimed to demonstrate the aphrodisiac activity of different extracts of vigna mungo seeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of Plant material The dried seeds of Vigna mungo plant were procured from the local market of Hyderabad in telangana state. The seeds were authenticated by Dr. S. Madhav chetty, Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India. Procurement and Rearing of Experimental animals Healthy wistar Albino rats of both the sex (200-300 g) were procured from Albino Research Center, hyderabad. They were randomly housed in standard polypropylene cages and maintained under environmentally controlled room provided with a 12:12 h light/dark cycle approximately 25 ºC for 10days before the start of experiment12,13. They were fed with commercially available pellet diet obtained from Amruth foods, Pranav Agro Industries, Sangli, India and water was allowed ad libitum.The rats were acclimatized to laboratory conditions minimum one week prior to the experimentation. The study was performed as per the protocols and recommendation of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (Reg No:1662/PO/a/CPCSEA,2013) of Malla Reddy Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Secunderabad. Preparation of plant Extract The dried seeds of Vigna mungo was powdered and subjected to soxhlet extraction with methanol, later the dried mark was subjected to soxhlet extraction with chloroform. Both extracts were concentrated by vacuum distillation and subjected to phytochemical screening. Experimental design Healthy and sexually experienced male albino rats (200– 300 g) that were showing brisk sexual activity were selected for the study. They were divided into 6 groups of 6 animals each and kept singly in separate cages during the experiment. Group 1 represented the control group, which received 10 ml/kg of distilled water orally. Group 2 served as standard and was given suspension of sildenafil citrate orally at the dose of 5 mg/kg, 1 h prior to the commencement of the experiment. Groups 3–6 received suspension of the methanolic and chloroform extracts of Vigna mungo seed orally at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively, daily for 21 days at 18:00 h. Since the male animals should not be tested in unfamiliar circumstances the animals were brought to the laboratory and exposed to dim light at the stipulated time of testing daily for 6 days before the experiment. The female animals were artificially brought into oestrus phase (as the female rats allow mating only during the estrus phase). They were administered suspension of ethinyl oestradiol orally at the dose of 100 ÃŽ ¼g/animal 48 h prior to the pairing plus progesterone injected subcutaneously, at the dose of 1 mg/animal 6 h before the experiment. The receptivity of the female animals was confirmed before the test by exposing them to male animals, other than the control, experimental and standard animals. The most receptive females were selected for the study. The experiment was carried out on the 21st day after commencement of the treatment of the male animals. The experiment was conducted at 20:00 h in the same laboratory and under the light of same intensity. The receptive f emale animals were introduced into the glass cages (40x50x40cm) of male animals with 1 female to 1 male ratio. The observation for sexual behaviour was immediately commenced and continued for first 2 mating series. The test was terminated if the male failed to evince sexual interest. If the female did not show receptivity she was replaced by another artificially warmed female. The following sexual behavioral parameters were recorded on audio video-cassette (Sony Handycam) as soon as they appeared14-17 Mount latency: Time duration (in seconds) from the introduction of the female into the cage till the first mount by the male. Intromission latency: Time duration (in seconds) from the introduction of the female into the cage till the first intromission by the male (vaginal penetration). Ejaculation latency: Time duration (in seconds) from the first intromission till ejaculation. Mount frequency:defined as the number of mounts without intromission from the time of introduction of the female until ejaculation. Intromission frequency: Total number of intromission preceding ejaculation. Ejaculation frequency: The number of times there was expulsion semen by males after vaginal penetration –characterized by rhythmic contraction of the posterior abdomen. Post-ejaculatory interval- is the time interval between ejaculation and the first intromission of the following series Determination of Serum Cholesterol and Testosterone: After recording of the sexual behavioral parameters, blood samples were collected from retro orbital plexus, centrifuged and serum was separated, samples stored at-200C which was used for the testosterone level estimation by using ELISA kit. Serum cholesterol concentrations may be determined by the Chod-PAP method18,19. Briefly, 0.02cm3 of the sample (serum) is mixed with 2.00cm3 of working reagent and the absorbance of the resulting mixture read after 5min at 546nm wavelength. The blank and standard are composed in a similar way except that they are replaced with 0.02cm3 each of distilled water and standard solution respectively. The biochemical estimations were done using respective kits. Statistical analysis The data obtained from this study were expressed as mean  ± SEM, (n=6). Statistical analysis was done by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test. P RESULTS The preliminary phytochemical screening of both the extracts revealed the presence of active constituents which includes alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols and steroids (table-1). The oral administration of two doses (200mg/kg, 400mg/kg) of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Vigna mungo seed resulted remarkable increase in sexual activity of the male rats. The results of the sexual behavior test shows that the extracts of vigna mungo seed (methanol and chloroform) at the dose of 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, significantly increased (pvigna muno seed. Table-1: Preliminary phytochemical screening of MEVM and CEVM of Vigna mungo seed + indicates the presence ++ indicates better response Table 2: Effect of Methanolic and Chloroform seed extracts of Vigna mungo on sexual behavior of male rats. Values are expressed as mean  ± S.E.M. (n=6). a= P b = P ML=Mount latency; IL= Intromission latency; EL= Ejaculatory latency; MF= Mount frequency; IF= Intromission frequency; EF= Ejaculatory frequency; PEI= Post ejaculatory interval; MEVM= Methanolic extract of Vigna mungo, CEVM=Chloroform extract of Vigna mungo. Table 3: Effect of Methanolic and Chloroform seed extracts of Vigna mungo on testosterone concentration in male rats Values are expressed as mean  ± S.E.M.(n=6). a= P b = P DISCUSSION Male impotence or erectile dysfunction (ED) is a significant problem that may contribute to infertility. The incidence of erectile dysfunction, probably due to aging populations and other risk factor such as the presence of chronic illnesses (e.g. heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus), smoking, stress, alcohol, drug abuse and sedentary lifestyles. A number of synthetic drugs are available for treating the infertility problems but because of their unwanted side effects folk remedies are gaining importance. Hence, the present study was carried out to investigate the aphrodisiac effects of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Vigna mungo seedin male rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening study of both the extracts revealed the presence of active constituents which includes alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, and steroids. It has been reported that steroids and saponin constituents found in the many plants possess fertility potentiating properties, and useful in the treatment of impotence20. The saponins may therefore boost the level of testosterone in the body as well as trigger libido enhancing effect observed in this study21. The presence of flavonoids in the Vigna mungoextract which has been implicated to have a role in altering androgen levels may also be responsible for the enhanced male sexual behaviour in this study22. The alkaloids can also cause facilitation of sexual behaviour and has effect on sexual behaviour23. The improvement in sexual function demonstrated in the current study might be due to the presence of such compounds in Vigna mungoseed extracts. In the present study the sexual behavioral parameters were evaluated to estimate the potency of the Vigna mungo extract. In male rats mount latency and intromission latency are considered as indicators of the sexual motivation, where as intromission and ejaculation are considered as behavioural indication of sexual performance and facilitation24. There was a significant decrease in the latency for mount and intromission by the administration of various doses of seed extract of vigna mungo indicating an enhancing sexual motivation. The methanol and chloroform extracts have shown pronounced effect on sexual behavior by significant increase in mounting frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF) as compared to control. Mounting frequency (MF) and intromission frequency (IF) are considered the indices of both libido and potency. Increase in these frequencies by the administration of the seed extracts might be due to increase in the concentration of several anterior pituitary hormones and serum testosterone, which in turn stimulated dopamine receptor synthesis and sexual behavior 25. Such increase in testosterone concentration should normally reflect a corresponding increase in libido 26.Hence, from these results the aphrodisiac effect of the plant extract may be due to the presence of alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids through a multitude of central and peripheral mechanisms. In the present study there is a significant increase serum cholesterol concentration which may imply stimulation in the steroid genesis, that leads to increased testosterone concentration27. Such increase in testosterone concentration should normally reflect a corresponding increase in libido26 . The present finding shows that the methanolic and chloroform seed extracts of vigna mungo produces a striking enhancement of over- all sexual performance of male rats. Our findings also showed that the aphrodisiac effect of vigna mungo seeds extract, investigated in male rats at 400 mg/kg, which significantly reduced ML, IL, EL and PEI with increased MF, IF and EF. CONCLUSION On the basis of our results the present study revealed that the methanolic and chloroform extracts of seeds of Vigna mungo showed the aphrodisiac activity and it is dose dependent in male rats. From this we conclude that the Vigna mungo seed extract may prove to be an effective and safe alternative remedy in sexual disorders. . 1

Flannery O’Conners “Good Country People” Essay

Love and friendship can make a wonderful story but why not add a twist of mistrust and deceit. That’s what Flannery O’conner did in â€Å"Good Country People.† By doing this she communicated her theme that people aren’t always what them seem. The Irony of the characters and what they symbolize exaggerates the theme very well. The way the characters were developed showed their diversity in â€Å"Good Country People†. Hulga had a degree in philosophy which made her believe that she was smarter than everyone else because she had learned more than they had. But in all actuality she was not, this was proven by the good ol’ bible salesman who was supposed to be honest and good and he was making a living by selling family bibles to country people. He started courting Hulga and when he won her over they met one afternoon for a walk. During this walk both their true colors began to shine through. After being led on a not so unplanned walk through the woods. Hulga was humiliated when the conniving salesman wanted to have sex with her but when she denied him he took her wooden leg. Which showed her to be naive and fragile. Through wooden legs and bibles symbolism comes through strongly. Hulga as a child lost her leg and the doctors gave her a wooden prosthetic leg as a replacement. This wooden leg props up its own symbolism throughout the story as well as it props up Hulga. She believed she needed no help throughout life. With her believe or non-believe rather, she has the notion she needs no family, no God, and no support. But really deep down she needs all of it. The leg physically support’s Hulga her whole life. When she has her wooden leg stolen from her by the bible salesman she realizes she had the support she needed all along, but until now when she loses one sort of support, does she know she needs the others as well. The Bible is also a big symbol in this story. The Holy Bible represents good and truth in the world. The Bible salesman pushes this in his sales pitch, but to him it symbolizes a place where he can keep all his secrets. What’s inside the hollow Bible in his suitcase is what the Bible really symbolizes to him, absolutely nothing. To Him its a place to store his ideas of sex, booze, and porn. Which makes it really something that isn’t as it seems. Which leads to another symbol Hulga herself. After she becomes wise in the ways of the world and does not  believe she needs God, or anyone else anymore. She changes her name of happiness, Joy, to an ugly meaningless name of Hulga. She does this to show to everyone that she does not need the joy or happiness in her life anymore, she has philosophy and education. Irony comes through in many ways especially through the characters. Throughout the story Hulga believes she is more intelligent than the people in her family and town because she went to college and earned a Ph.D. in philosophy. The truth is though she is just as plain and simple as the â€Å"good country people† she is surrounded by. This is proven by the innocent bible salesman, who in all reality is pretty much the Devil. She goes out to seduce the innocent, but in turn she is blind to the fact he is tricking her. They lead each other to a barn where the innocent bible salesman shows his inner most devil by belittling all Hulga’s beliefs and reviling to her she is not better but just as simpleminded and naive as everyone else in her town. Another ironic tidbit is how Joy changed her name to Hulga. It totally highlights the fact she wants nothing to do with her joyful Christian upbringing by her country uneducated family. And not unlike Hulga the bible salesman is also an ironic factor in this story. He is supposed to represent good Christian morals that are taught in church and through the bible. However all he is a thief and a whore with no morals. He is the pentacle of the bad boy scene. He keeps in the Holiest of all books the Bible condoms, a flask of booze and playing cards with naked girls on them. Then to top it off he likes to collect fake body parts he has stolen from girls he has fooled. It its completely not what one would learn from the Bible. Finally Hulga accepts her name of Joy again and hopefully appreciates her family and how good that it can be from time to time to be simple. The salesman isn’t heard from again and life goes on. But after all of the twists and turns of the story â€Å"Good country People† by Flannery O’ Conner, one learns a moral from all the evil and mistrust. Never judge a book by its cover.

Rock And Roll Fan Film Studies Essay

The Ultimate Stones is a set that recreates a true Rolling Stones experience. The set originated in Southern California and has become to be recognized as one of the greatest Rolled Stones testimonial sets. Bruce Forrest, from All Access Magazine, stated, â€Å" And so we have the Ultimate Stones, who seemingly knows what it takes to be effectual, and do it on such a superior, and professional degree, it makes all the other â€Å" tribute sets † look inferior. † The Ultimate Stones all have a look-alike dramatis personae, adding to the portraiture of the existent Rolling Stones set. The set consists of lead vocal vocalist, Mick Adams ( Mick Jagger ) , Rick Harchol ( Keith Richards ) , Vince Lupo ( Charlie Watts ) , Bernard Yantz ( Bill Wyman ) , with Justine Ducloux ( Merry Clayton ) besides on vocals. Each set member has an experienced background in the music industry. The Ultimate Rocks have been touring all over the United States for old ages and have become frequent visitants in the Las Vegas and Southern California countries. They have become recognized by some of the most celebrated beginnings of media for their hailing testimonial to the Rolling Stones ability. Opening the concert with â€Å" Wild Horses † was a simple manner to ease into the dark. I had heard the vocal before, but it was an reading that was sung by another creative person. I recognized the vocal, and instantly liked it much more than the covered version I had originally heard. The vocal had a poetic and deep tone colour. It was emotionally complex, doing the significance behind it come alive. Leading in with a soft dynamic matched with the slow pacing highlight the unhappiness. About a minute in, the beat displacements with the debut of a more marked membranophone. The simple quiet acoustic guitar alterations form throughout the vocal, as with the wordss. â€Å" Faith has been broken.A Tears must be cried.A We have our freedom, but we do n't hold much clip†¦ Wild Equus caballuss could n't rupture us apart.A Wild Equus caballuss, we ‘ll sit them someday. â€Å" A The wordss are a paradox within themselves. High harmoniousnesss in the center made the song come alive, about constructing up. The harmoniousnesss throughout the vocal were first-class. The vocal had a elusive state melody to it accompanied by a stone feeling. This was due to the acoustic guitar playing in a â€Å" Nashville tuning † and rhythm one played in harmoniousness. â€Å" Nashville Tuning † is used on this vocal – which is a tuning that makes a 6-string guitar sound like a 12-string.A The lead vocal is really recognizable and distinguished. Another vocal that stood out during their concert, â€Å" Ruby Tuesday, † which was another dissolution lay. The construction of the vocal differs from the more typical of the Rolling Stones vocals. It does n't look to be wholly stone and axial rotation or a blues manner. The vocal takes a piece to rush up the pacing, finally constructing up to the chorus where there is a recording equipment involved. The kineticss of the vocal are really soft, supplying the temper of any grief. A piano, guitar, recording equipment, and even a bass were distinguishable throughout the vocal every bit good. The recording equipment solo is traveling, about powerful I found out. The poetries are quietly sung with simple harmoniousnesss in the background, supplying an effectual tune. At the terminal of some of the poetries, Mick Adams hit really low registries, adding to the dejecting tone merely to pick it up once more. The choruses contrast with the poetries, presenting a more intense pacing alon g with the kineticss where membranophones are so introduced. Like â€Å" Wild Horses, † Ruby Tuesday has a lonely and soft tone colour. I enjoyed this vocal particularly the portion the recording equipment served, it is merely relatable to any grief and they rhythm was faithful to the original Rolling Stones version. Contrasting with the old vocal, â€Å" Paint It Black † has more of a dark colour tone. The usage of the bass guitar, sitar, membranophones, and some kind of maracas are used to present the vocal. The pacing starts off slow gap into a more frequent round. After the debut, the starting vocals seem about labored, quickened. The vocal did n't look to hold many ties to the usual blues sound they typically gravitate towards. The usage of the sitar adds to the dark colour melody which added some kind of â€Å" twangy † sound. The tune sounded about Middle-Eastern, Indian about. The beat is particularly influenced with Indian roots, which are emphasized with the sitar. The membranophones come in and out, conveying a difficult stone sound that speeds the pacing up until it subsequently drops down once more when Mick Adams resumes his poetries. The Ultimate Stones used the back-up singer to their advantage when they hummed a series of creepy Riffs in the background of the chorus es functioning as the dark harmoniousnesss. The vocal carries a reasonably low registry throughout the full vocal. The assorted textures within the vocal attention deficit disorder to a more heavy texture, the sitar being a premier instrument. I find this song really challenging ; it has a more dark feeling to it, doing it tricky. The sitar used, was alone, which I admire and the Ultimate Stones, once more, stayed loyal to the original Rolling Stones. Another authoritative Rolling Stones hit, Gim me Shelter was played towards the terminal of the set. The vocal is one of a mid-tempo stone vocal. It begins with a beat guitar presentation by the lead guitar player, followed by Mick ‘s presentation. The guitar is foremost introduced making the tune along with a piano while the bass sneaks in towards the terminal of the presentation. The piano finally fades out, playing underneath the mouth organ. During certain parts of the vocal, the kineticss of the set muffle the sound of the singer ‘s voice. The consonant â€Å" oohs † are sung over the guitar player ‘s parts and quiet the tone. Mick ‘s low texture contrasts with the shriek, higher registry of the back-up vocalists. This is besides the first vocal, that the adult female singer is heard. The colour of this vocal, is once more dark, portraying the vocal ‘s significance. The poetries are instead ordinary and workmanlike in comparing to the chorus, another great catchy Stones chorus that can be half-shouted and half-sung along with.A This vocal does portray the lost times during the Vietnam War, and the Ultimate Stones did a antic occupation with the vocal. However, out of all the vocals they played that dark, I had many vocals that I preferred more than this one. The shutting vocal did n't halt short of antic. â€Å" ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction † delivered energy to the room that was indefinable. The trenchant kineticss of the vocal and the fast pacing are the incarnation of a stone vocal. Mixtures of electric instruments were used, adding to the tone of the vocal. Guitar Riffs have a beat are a form of descending and go uping notes that produce a cooling Riff harmoniousness. Set against a round suited for foot-stomping and hand-clapping, Mick sang the poetries in a muted tone. Each poetry would go on to construct and construct into an explosive chorus. The chorus is normally sung about Mick ‘s universe ailments in a powerful manner. Much of the vocal ‘s texture is highlighted by the guitars played underneath Mick ‘s voice. During the poetry to chorus parts, Mick hits a twine of lines with low registries before detonating in one of his highest registries. My favourite Rolling Stones vocal ended the dark, and in t hat one vocal, it was if the energy within the whole room was bombinating. It seems to be such a universal vocal, everybody knows it and sings along with the chorus. It seemed to convey everyone together that dark, and to me, it was the best public presentation of the dark. I was nil short of impressed with this set. Many of my friends and household members had thought that a â€Å" tribute set † was cheesy, something that could non populate up to the original set. However, I had some background with the Rolling Stones before this concert and from what I heard, it was non far away. It was neither bum nor bad. The Ultimate Rocks were non â€Å" wanna-be ‘s. † In fact, the Ultimate Stones merit the congratulations they have gotten throughout magazines and the intelligence they have appeared in. They brought a serious public presentation and kept their promise to do the concert as stopping point to the original Rolling Stones as possible. Mick Adams portrayed an first-class Mick Jagger as with the remainder of the set. They have been recognized as one of the best testimonial sets in the universe, and truly so. I was non allow down at all by this public presentation and would non waver in returning one time more.

The Roman Empire - 890 Words

Whenever the word â€Å"Roman† is uttered my brain quickly references the many history books and movies that depict the mighty Romans one dimensionally. They commonly portray the Roman as bronze, muscular, overly macho men who are quick to the sword. In part, the literature we have read in this course has reinforced this idea. The stories in texts like Plutarch s Lives, Suetonius’s The Twelve Caesars, and Connolly’s Ancient City to some extent help perpetuate this idea of the Roman character. The Roman qualities highlighted in these books are: their military superiority, sympathetic nature (to their conquest), piousness, and their intellect. Although these texts help to fortify the importance of the Romans military they also help to round out the Roman character by showing that they are much more than just skilled soldiers. When discussing the Romans and their qualities it is impossible to overlook their military might. Ancient Rome had one of the most powerful and virtually undefeated military forces of their time. Their massive expansion of the Roman Empire attests to this fact. At the height of their Empire the Romans had conquered multiple countries throughout Western Europe. Thanks to their advance military Rome became head of the world. The importance of their military force is seen throughout our readings. Both texts by Suetonius and Plutarch offer extensive examples of how the Romans were first and foremost soldiers. The examples in Plutarch’s Lives are so numerousShow MoreRelatedThe Roman And Roman Empire1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roman Empire, which was centered in the city of Rome, was the most extensive western civilization of ancient times. With its major advancements and prosperity it is hard to believe that the Roman Empire suddenly collapsed and fell into a time known as the Dark Ages. After a period of struggles for the Roman Empire, the empire gradually fell. 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