Jeremy Bentham Criminal Justice Essay - 1609 Words

Jeremy Bentham’s Influence on the Criminal Justice System: Past and Present The delivery of punishment has changed significantly over the centuries. Up until the 19th century in England, imprisonment was not regarded as a punishment, it was merely used while the offender waited to be sentenced to their ‘real’ punishment (Bull, 2010; Hirst, 1998). Corporal punishment such as flogging, branding and mutilation, death by hanging, and transportation to other continents such as America and Australia were common punitive measures through the ages, until well into the 1800’s (Newburn, 2003). Although these extreme penalties are no longer acceptable or practised by criminal courts in England or Australia, in some ways, the past has†¦show more content†¦In other words, a person may be tempted to commit a crime if there not a strong enough deterrent in place. Hence, Bentham’s solution to crime control was to address this pleasure/pain response by imposing strict penalties proportional to the seriousness of the c rime committed to discourage people from offending (Von Hirsch, 1992). Although he did not support the death penalty, punishment for committing crime was considered by Bentham as the lesser of two evils, necessary for the health of society and the duty of the government to impose (Bull, 2010; Hudson, 2003). Punishment, for Bentham, was a way to ensure â€Å"the greatest happiness for the greatest number† (Rosen, 2003, p 221). Bentham argued that prevention, both general and specific, is paramount in controlling crime. The imprisonment of the offender serves the purpose of specific prevention. Specific prevention involves three tiers: incapacitation, reform/rehabilitation and deterrence (Hopkins Burke, 2011). Firstly, incapacitation is achieved by physically removing an offender from society, rendering them unable to reoffend (specifically, by placing them in prison). Secondly, rehabilitation seeks to take away the desire to offend, by teaching the offender that anyShow M oreRelatedJeremy Benthams Utilitarianism is a Convincing Method for Normatic Ethics891 Words   |  4 Pagesethics, utilitarianism wasn’t fully expressed until the 19th century. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, acknowledged the good with pleasure. Both of the philosophers believed we ought to make the most of the good, everyones happiness is the same no matter what type of happiness it is. When one fulfills their good, it doesn’t mean one’s individual good doesn’t count more when compared to someone else’s good. Jeremy Bentham was born on February 15th, 1748 in Houndsditch, London and died on JuneRead MoreFeatures Of Classical Criminology779 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"criminology† is the scientific study of criminals and the crimes that they commit. It incorporates numerous disciplines such as law, sociology, history and physiology as well as other disciplines like victimology which are more focused disciplines within criminology. Sutherland (1939) gives the view that criminology is based around â€Å"three great tributaries† these are: The study of crime, the study of these that commit crime and the study of criminal justice and penal systems. Within this essay theseRead MoreTraditional Assumptions Of The Civil Justice History865 Words   |  4 Pagestraditional assumptions.† American correction page 34. I must say, that period was the most important in the Criminal Justice history. Through that era, revolutions occurred in America as well as France, science made great advances and Industrial Revolution gained absolute power. This Age of Reason was like a stand against those with power. This reformation ended the reign of the Catholic Church and the writing of Martin Luther and John Calvin encourage new emphasis on the individual alongRead MoreTheories Of The Age Of Enlightenment1026 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the 17th century, people believed that when someone committed a criminal act it was not because they chose to do so, but because of some supernatural force, such as the full moon or demonic possession. Offending acts were punished by a wide range of inhumane acts including but not limited to being tarred and feathered, quartered, burned alive, beheaded, drowned, or stoned to death. This way of thinking and punishing offenders continued through the 1600’s until the Age of Enlightenment. ItRead MoreEssay on Jeremy Bentham Influence on Future1290 Words   |  6 PagesEssay on Jeremy Bentham’s influence Jeremy Bentham was born in 1748 in London, England. He was a utilitarianist, which is the idea that the right judgment is the judgment that brings the most happiness. Also an Atheist, Bentham was seen as the person who popularized utilitarianism. Bentham believed we could quantify or measure pleasure. He helped found the London College, in which his body was embalmed and used as a reminder of himself, and wrote many books on utilitarianism and found the best wayRead MoreThe Debate Over Death Penalty1618 Words   |  7 Pagesand scholarly discussions. The death penalty has a long and distinguished history in the United States, as it has been around in some form—either official or otherwise—since the beginning of American society. America originally adopted the British justice system, with hundreds of crimes being punishable by death. Slowly but surely, states began to eliminate the number of things that could lead to the death penalty. Likewise, new methods were introdu ced, with the electric chair coming about around theRead MoreAnalytical Philosophy : The Law Of The Land As It s Exists Today1049 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand the nature of law. Although John Austin is considered the father of the school of analytical jurisprudence, the origins of this school of thought date back to the time of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). Bentham’s work has come into light recently is now known to be the founder of this approach. Austin owes a lot to Bentham as much of his work is just a â€Å"para-phrasing† of Bentham’s work. Scope of analytical school of jurisprudence can be observed as follows:- †¢ Analysis of the legal system andRead MoreHate Propaganda And The Criminal Code Of Canada1589 Words   |  7 Pagesis in Sections 318, 319, and 320 of the Criminal Code of Canada, and it states that Hate propaganda means any writing, sign or visible representation that advocates or promotes genocide or the communication of which by any person would constitute an offence under section 319. and â€Å"Every one who advocates or promotes genocide is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years.† Under s. 319(1) of the Criminal Code, â€Å"anyone who communicates statementsRead MoreThe Classical School And The Positivist School881 Words   |  4 Pagesfully bloom until the 1800s when criminal laws were being made and enforced (Altrichter, 2015). With this in mind, the first school to be developed through criminology was the classical school. The classical school was founded upon the thoughts and ideas of Cesare Beccaria a nd Jeremy Bentham (Altrichter, 2015). Cesare Beccaria implicated the idea that a crime is to be punished depending on its severity and rather not the criminal (Altrichter, 2015). Jeremy Bentham contributed to the classical schoolRead MoreDeterrence Theory And The Criminal Justice Field Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagesbased upon a belief that citizens choose to obey or violate the law after determining the advantages and disadvantages of their actions (Paternoster, 2010). Deterrence, in the criminal justice field, dissuades individuals from criminal activity and from continuing to live a life of crime after committing the first criminal like act (Dutton, 2014). Law enforcement provides sanctions in the form of imprisonment, probation and fines (Paternoster, 2010). In the United States, a practical example of deterrence

A Remedy for Failing Public Schools Essay - 1849 Words

Our public schools are failing because they are operated under an antiquated system. Most are behemoth, bureaucratic bastions of inefficiency in which no one seems to be held accountable. It’s top-down management at its worst. The people who have the most contact with students in this over-burdened, under-funded system – the teachers – have the least input when it comes to â€Å"company† policy. This makes this system resemble a widget factory in which management has worked out all the kinks, so it thinks, and dictates to production line workers how to pump out a â€Å"good† product. But is our public education product really that good? Are the majority of today’s high school graduates – if graduation is actually in the picture – truly†¦show more content†¦And, Advisers’ pay scale and job security depends on this accountability. This puts the burden on them to make sure all students in their individual advisory group succeed. To make sure they do, Advisers have no choice but to collaborate with each other and with parents in cases where problems may exist. For instance, if a student isn’t doing well, say, in English, it would be to the advantage of his or her Advisor to go to the student’s English teacher to determine what the problem was so the two of them could come up with a viable solution, which may include the student’s parents or guardians and possibly others as needed. The purpose is to root out any cause or causes that may be keeping individual students from reaching their full potential and eli minating such problems before they cause more. In this way, truly, no student is â€Å"left behind.† The system guarantees it. Project-based Learning (PBL) PBL is where most academic achievements are products of student projects in which normal stateShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Ain t No Makin It By Jay Macleod1277 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Race to the Top† Initiative Will Damage the Lower Class and Minorities Sean Reardon of the Center for Education Policy Analysis wrote, â€Å"If we do not find ways to reduce the growing inequality in education outcomes – between the rich and the poor – schools will no longer be the great equalizer we want them to be.† President Obama’s â€Å"Race to the Top† policy will perpetuate race and class inequality in America’s education system. Low-income students as a group already have poorer academic performanceRead MoreEssay A Case for Vouchers and School Choice1047 Words   |  5 PagesCase for School Choice nbsp; There is growing conflict over the nations education policy. Indeed, this conflict remains one of the few areas of divergence between our converging two-party structure. Yet, as is so often the case with pressing concerns in American politics, any real proposals have been drowned under the Washington bureaucracy. Unfortunately, the nation can no longer ignore the ever-expanding education crisis plaguing the country, and Washington must consider school choice asRead MoreUse Of The Neighbouring Sports Turf Voiced By Jim, Tom And Marie Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pagesconclusion is that Jim, Tom and Marie all have action available under trespass and private nuisance. Their remedies in trespass are warning trespassers to leave, seeking damages to compensate for physical damage (Marie only), contacting the school about providing a sufficient amount of rubbish bins, and seeking mandatory injunctions to remove trespassing objects. In private nuisance, remedies are seeking damages to compensa te for physical damages (Marie only) and personal discomfort, and seeking aRead MoreSchool Voucher Program Should Be Abolished1727 Words   |  7 Pages I propose a school voucher program that would be widespread throughout the state of Connecticut with special consideration to the Hartford school district. Each student in the state will receive a voucher equivalent to 65 percent of the per-pupil cost of the public school in their district. The remaining 35 percent of spending would remain with the school to pay for fixed-costs (with a few exceptions). School who take in out of district would receive the money that follows the child. For exampleRead MoreSex Education : The Problem With Sexual Education1327 Words   |  6 Pagesyet again very wrong. If you think there is not a problem with sex education then you can easily google â€Å"problems with sexual education† and you will be amazed at the titles of articles you find. Most, if not all were titled things such as  "We are failing at teaching Sex ed or â€Å"what is wrong with sex ed classes†. Not a single article that I read said â€Å"We are doing a great job at teaching young students about sex†. That is disheartening, however, it tells us what we need to hear. We are doing a reallyRead MoreThe Liability Of A Negligence Tort Suit For School Districts1111 Words   |  5 Pagesomission which unlawfully violates a person’s right created by the law, and for which the appropriate remedy is a common law action for damage by the injured person (AA pg632). There are four main types of tort, these are: a) intentionally interferences, b) strict liability, c) negligence, and d) defamation (AA). Tort cases involving schools predominantly involve parents as plaintiffs and the school personnel as defendants. Although tort cases are relatively common, only around one-third of the plaintiffsRead MoreTort And Employment Of Inept Teachers1296 Words   |  6 Pagesviolates a person†™s right created by the law, and for which the appropriate remedy is a common law action for damage by the injured person (Alexander Alexander, 2012 p. 632). There are four main types of tort, these are: a) intentionally interferences, b) strict liability, c) negligence, and d) defamation (Alexander Alexander, 2012 p. 633). Tort cases involving schools predominantly involve parents as plaintiffs and the school personnel as defendants. Although tort cases are relatively common, onlyRead MoreEssay on Is NCLB Necessary?1369 Words   |  6 PagesIs the NCLB really necessary? The No Child Left Behind act is a nationwide legal system that is considered to improve our education system. The NCLB act improves our education system by setting a standard for each school to meet (a required academic standard), hire high quality teachers, improve communication with parents, and provide a safe environment for the students. However after the NCLB act took effect, not much was accomplished. Now many question whether the NCLB is really necessary. Read MoreUsing Technology Into An Organization858 Words   |  4 Pagesthat school leaders should consider integrating technology into an organization in a slow and methodical manner in order to help employees understand the new procedures and give them the opportunity to adapt. This method of integration can help organizations implement their plan and lower employee resistance. The resistance in implementing technology into an organization can significantly increase if it has the potential to impact the personal finances of the employee. In the past school, schoolRead MoreThe Effect Of Body Cameras On Police Work1722 Words   |  7 Pagesthe abuse of power by police officers. Historically, there was no recording of most encounters between police officers and the public. This lack of a recording resulted in much different accounts of incidents between witnesses and police, such as in the Michael Brown killing discussed above. The opinion of the ACLU is that cameras have the potential to help protect the public against police misconduct, and at the same time help protect police against false accusations of abuse (Stanley). It is worth

Competitive Strategy Creativity and Innovation Management

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy for Creativity and Innovation Management. Answer: Introduction: The Art of General is meaning of Strategos a Greek word. The strategy comes from the Greek word Strategos. The Strategy helps to determine the work and how the work will be proceeded. It is can be defined as a blueprint or master plan and it helps to reach the goal. In the opinion of Durmaz and Ilhan (2015), strategy is the determination of the mind in action. The art Warsignifies who win the battle is a God. Actually strategy of war is not to win the battle. Strategy of war is how to defeat the enemies in battle (Raspin and Terjesen, 2007). In the modern day business organisation has to think about the market, its competitors and sustainability. Hence, it is very difficult for the organisation to survive in this competitive market. For this they have to develop strategies to achieve the desired goal. There are four important factors which need to be taken care of for the entrepreneurs to reach the desired objectives. The four points need to identify the where they want to compete, which unique value they can bring, resources utilization and sustenance of unique value. According to, McCann and McCarren (2012), strategy is something that helps the organisation to sustain in the competitive world. There are several types of strategies in the business. Those strategies are can be long term and short term basis. The Organisation needs to adopt these strategies to sustain the business in long term basis. For example, Microsoft has adopted a long term and short term strategies to get on the basis of customers choices. Microsoft is a global organisation. It is the leading organisation that provides desired services to its customers. Microsoft is the market leader in computer technology industry (www.microsoft.com 2016). Accesibility is the main thing for the modern day customers. It makes easy each and every work. Microsoft with the help of an integrative accessibility strategy has been trying to grow its product and accessible to users by planning, designing, research, testing and development. They are focused on four main strategies. These are Innovation, awareness and leadership, collaboration and accessibility of the products. In the 2015 it achieved the best computer technology provider in the world (www.microsoft.com 2016). It acquired Nokia, Skype and many more. The main strategy of Microft is to make itself accessible to the customers. Microsoft has adopted it strategies on the basis of the diverse needs of the customers. With the help of integrated strategies, Microsoft becomes the leader of the computer software industry. Innovative and unique strategy is the main priority of Microsoft. The unique products of Microsoft are Lumia, Windoows, Xbox, Skype, One Drive and so on. Microsoft is collaborating with a range of organisations like G3ICT to spread the awareness of accessibility of the people (www.microsoft.com 2016). Apart from that new products are developing day by day to meet the customers expectations. Hence it can be said that strategy is the master plan that generates a right path to organisation, Microsft is its best example. Business model innovation Innovation helps the organisation to meet its objectives in the competitive world. For example, Nokia and Kodak has lost their way due to proper innovation. They did not research for innovative products, customer needs and market competition. Now-a-days almost every industry, is growing day by day with the help of its innovative products and services. With the adoption of innovative technology and services organisation can achieve the customers expectations. Innovative business model has been adopted be several organisations Google, Microsoft, Apple, to name a few. Innovation helps to sustain the organisation in a new country because it helps to determine the customers choice, needs and the market conditions (Shih-chung, 2013). For an example, eBay, Amazon, Google all has adopted innovative technologies and service to get the most customers and to sustain in this fast growing world. It is highly important for the innovative business model is to identify the targeted customers of firm , type of products and services, and distinctive value added products. It helps the organisation generate revenue (Bucherer et al. 2012). Also, it is necessary for each and every organisation to make changes the technology and services in regular basis so that it can meet the various expectation of the customers. Ideation, Initiation, Integration and Implementation are the main steps that help to develop innovative business models. For the growth of the organisation, it is essential to integrate the four main steps. For example, Amazon is the leading eCommerce organisation who uses most innovative products and services. Amazon is the market leader in the eCommerce industry. Its service and user friendly technologies have been able to bring reforms (www.amazon.com.au, 2016). In its eCommerece website people can come for shopping and selling products. Variety of products and services has helped to create its huge market base. Almost 90 plus percent innovation of Amazon is less risky. In the opinion of Xavier, innovation consistently generates new technologies and innovative service as it seems innovation is Amozons DNA. According to Baron (2002), online business model adopted by Aamzon is the most impressive and attractive with this model they are the market leader. This model helps Amazon to achieve most customers compared to eBay. Aamzon makes its market open to all and it reaches to the most remote places through its innovative business model (www.amazon.com.au, 2016). Few steps have been taken by Amazon like stop selling low performing products, prepare for low profit margin and so on. These small steps have helped Amazon to increase its revenue and customer base. Amazon is generating its revenues by charging a certain commission to the sellers, for listing and selling their products (www.amazon.com.au, 2016). All these features help the buyers and sellers equally. Cost cutdown and seasonal sale has added more value to the Amazons innovative services. Customers can get more profitable product in low price from Amazon as it is maintained by its customers. Hence, it can be said that initiation, ideation, integration and implementation are the main four steps business model which help to grow the business in the competitive world. References: Durmaz, Y., and Ilhan, A. (2015). Growth Strategies in Businesses and A Theoretical Approach.International Journal of Business and Management,10(4), 210. McCann, J. and McCarren, D. (2012). Emerging market strategy development and implementation. J. for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 6(3/4), p.244. Raspin, P. and Terjesen, S. (2007). Strategy making: what have we learned about forecasting the future?. Business Strategy Series, 8(2), pp.116-121. Microsoft (2016)Microsoft official home page. Available at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-au/ (Accessed: 25 August 2016). Shih-chug, L., (2013). Applying Innovative Model and Optimize Business Management for Product Market. journalofdistributionscience, 11(3), pp.13-2 Bucherer, E., Eisert, U. and Gassmann, O. (2012). Towards Systematic Business Model Innovation: Lessons from Product Innovation Management. Creativity and Innovation Management, 21(2), pp.183-198. Baron, D. (2002). Private Ordering on the Internet: The EBay Community of Traders. Business and Politics, 4(3).99-105 Amazon (1996)Literature fiction bestsellers. Available at: https://www.amazon.com.au/ (Accessed: 25 August 2016)

J.R.R. Tolkien Middle Earth Essays - J. R. R. Tolkien,

J.R.R. Tolkien: Middle Earth J.R.R. Tolkien: Middle Earth John Ronald Reuel Tolkien is remembered for his imaginative writings and the lasting creation of Middle-earth world. However, he was also a great scholar and linguist, holding the position of the Rawlingson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University. His writings owe much of its power to his ocean of knowledge about European languages and a deep understanding and appreciation of the art of storytelling and myths. His books have been translated into twenty-four languages and many millions of copies have been sold worldwide. Tolkien was born in the Orange Free State, in what is now South Africa, on January 3, 1892. However, his mother brought him home to England when he was four, and after his father's death his family made their home in rural Sarehole, then on the edge of the industrial city, Brimingham. When Tolkien was only twelve, his mother passed away, leaving him and his brother in the care of Father Francis Xavier Morgan. Father Morgan was a very strong moral influence on young Tolkien and provided him with loving support though to his years in college. Tolkien received a very good high school education at King Edward VI School, one of the finest schools in England at the time. From there he went up to Oxford, where he studied English at Exeter College, gaining him first class honors. At the age of twenty-one, Tolkien proposed to his childhood sweetheart, Edith Bratt, although it was against the wishes of Father Morgan, who objected to him marrying someone three years older than himself. However, the two were unable to wed for a few years because Tolkien was drafted to fight in World War I. During the war he served in the Lancashire Fusiliers as an officer, and survived the Somme, though many of his close friends and colleagues died. His respect for the common soldier under the great stress of war shows through in his later writings, where the Hobbits show strength in Mordor, previously unseen by themselves or others. After the war he got a job, working at the New English Dictionary, but in 1920 he was appointed reader in English at Leeds University. Four years later he was promoted to Professor, which is the highest academic rank in British universities. It was this time that he started writing. At this stage he thought of his tales as being a new mythology for England. These early works, which laid the basis for his later works, are now published as The Book of Lost Tales. In 1925 he was elected to the Professorship at Oxford. There he specialized in Philology, the study of words, and was among the most accomplished scholars in his field. His love of words led him to work on a series of languages for the Elves of Middle-earth. Though out his lifetime this obsession drove him to produce fourteen languages and he also showed how these languages developed over the course of history of Middle-earth. Tolkien said that the one of the first alphabets, called Tengwar, became very popular because it was a very flexible writing system that was easily adapted by the many different races of Middle-earth for use with their languages. The main flaw of this language was that it was very difficult to inscribe onto metal, stone or wood. This led to the creation of alphabet but with simpler characters made with strait lines. Tolkien often signed his work with }[emailprotected]@O8bael/u} , which translates into his name. Over the course of the next few years Tolkien wrote four books for each of his four children. Of these, The Hobbit is the best known and was eventually published in 1937. Stanley Unwin, the publisher asked for a sequel but Tolkien was skeptical of a sequel's success. He felt as if his work would only be enjoyed by a small minority and was surprised with his previous success. Once he began though, he became very involved with the book. Unfortunately World War II intervened, and slowed the process down considerably, taking a total of twelve years to complete. The book blossomed into more than a sequel, being not a book for children, but a great saga for adults, The Lord of the Rings. At the time of its first publication the book received mixed reviews. It was not until the late 60's and early 70's that Tolkien's popularity increased dramatically with the official release of the Lord of the Rings in the